• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cardinal temperature

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The impact of cardinal temperature variation on the germination of Haloxylon aphyllum L. seeds

  • Taghvaei, Mansour;Ghaedi, Masoumaeh
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.187-193
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    • 2010
  • Seed germination is a biological process that is affected by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. The cardinal temperature and thermal time are required for germination. The principal objective of this study was to identify and characterize variations in the base, optimum, and maximum germination temperatures of Haloxylon aphyllum L. from two seed sources, in order to establish models for use in predicting seeding dates. Mature H. aphyllum seeds were germinated at temperatures between 5 and $35^{\circ}C$. The germination behavior of H. aphyllum seeds to different temperature regimens in light was evaluated over a temperature range of $5-35^{\circ}C$ at intervals of $5^{\circ}C$. The rate of germination increased between base and optimum thermal conditions, and decreased between optimum and maximum thermal conditions; the germination rate varied in a linear fashion at both sub-optimal and supra-optimal temperatures. The linear regression fit the range of germination rates at $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$, and thus the base temperature, optimum temperature, and maximum temperature for the germination of H. aphyllum were measured to be $0.6^{\circ}C$, $25.69^{\circ}C$, $37.90^{\circ}C$, and $1.76^{\circ}C$, $21.56^{\circ}C$, $37.90^{\circ}C$ for Qom and the Fars dune desert respectively.

Comparison of Seed Germination Response to Temperature by Provenances in Fraxinus rhynchophylla (채취산지별 물푸레나무 종자의 온도에 대한 발아반응 비교)

  • Choi, Chung Ho;Seo, Byeong Soo;Tak, Woo Sik;Cho, Kyung Jin;Kim, Chang Soo;Han, Sang Urk
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.97 no.6
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    • pp.576-581
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    • 2008
  • The germination responses of Fraxinus rhynchophylla seeds collected from four provenances to constant temperature were investigated over the range $5{\sim}35^{\circ}C$. Difference among seeds in percentage and rate of germination and cardinal temperatures was observed. The seeds from Inje had high germination percentage at low temperature ($5{\sim}15^{\circ}C$) whereas those from Gangneung had high germination percentage at high temperature ($30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$). Three cardinal temperatures viz., the base ($T_b$), the maximum ($T_m$) and the optimum ($T_o$) for germination percentage and germination rate varied among four provenances. $T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$ for F. rhynchophylla seed germination as estimated by the quadratic models were the lowest in Inje while those were the highest in Gangneung. The cardinal temperatures ($T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$) were estimated by linear sub- and supra-optimal models for germination rate as a function of temperature response. $T_b$ was the lowest in Hoengseong while that was the highest in Gangneung. $T_m$ and $T_o$ were the lowest in Inje while those were also the highest in Gangneung. That is, the seeds from the provenance where the annual mean temperature was high had the higher cardinal temperatures ($T_b$, $T_m$ and $T_o$) as compared to seeds from the provenance where the annual mean temperature was low.

Thermal plasticity of growth and chain formation of the dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium pacificum with respect to ocean acidification

  • Lee, Chung Hyeon;Min, Juhee;Lee, Hyun-Gwan;Kim, Kwang Young
    • ALGAE
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.285-298
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    • 2021
  • The amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans continues to rise, resulting in further acidification, altering some functional traits of phytoplankton. To understand the effect of elevated partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) on functional traits of dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and A. pacificum, the cardinal temperatures and chain formation extent were examined under two pCO2 (400 and 1,000 µatm) over the range of temperature expected to be associated with growth. The growth rate and chain formation extent of A. affine increased with higher pCO2, showing significant changes in cardinal temperatures and a substantial increase in middle chain-length (4-8 cells) fractionation under elevated pCO2 condition. By contrast, there were no significant differences in specific growth rate and any chain-length fractionation of A. pacificum between ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions. The observed interspecies variation in the functional traits may reflect differences in ability of species to respond to environmental change with plasticity. Moreover, it allows us to understand the shifting biogeography of marine phytoplankton and predict their phenology in the Korea Strait.

Estimation of Cardinal Temperatures for Germination of Seeds from the Common Ice Plant Using Bilinear, Parabolic, and Beta Distribution Models

  • Cha, Mi-Kyung;Park, Kyoung Sub;Cho, Young-Yeol
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.236-241
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    • 2016
  • The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) has some medicinal uses and recommended plant in closed-type plant factory. The objective of this study was to estimate the cardinal temperatures for seed germination of the common ice plant using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution models. Seeds of the common ice plant were germinated in the dark in a growth chamber at four constant temperatures: 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$. For this, four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on two layers of filter paper in a 9-cm petri dish and radicle emergence of 0.1 mm was scored as germination. The times to 50% germination were 4.3, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.8 days at 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$, respectively, indicating that the germination of this warm-weather crop increased with temperature. Next, the time course of germination was modeled using a logistic function. For the selection of an accurate model, seeds were germinated in the dark at constant temperatures of 6, 12, 32, and $36^{\circ}C$. Germination started earlier and increased rapidly at temperatures above $20^{\circ}C$. The minimum, optimal, and maximum temperatures were estimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate, as a function of the temperature gradient. The different functions estimated differing minimum, optimal and maximum temperatures, with 5.7, 27.7, and $36.5^{\circ}C$, respectively for the bilinear function, 13.4, 25.0, and $36.6^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the parabolic function and 7.8, 25.9, and $36.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the beta distribution function. The models estimated that the inverse of time to 50% germination rate was 0 at 6 and $36^{\circ}C$. The observed final germination rates at 12 and $32^{\circ}C$ were 62 and 97%, respectively. Our data show that a beta distribution function provides a useful model for estimating the cardinal temperatures for germination of seed from the common ice plant.

Shoot Blight of Suckers of Common Lilac caused by Phytophthora citricola Sawada(oral)

  • Kim, B.S.;Y.S. Lim;Kim, J.H.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.128.2-128
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    • 2003
  • Shoot blight was occurring on shoots of suckers of common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) growing in first author's apartment garden in May 2003. A species of Phytophthora was isolated from the lesions. The isolate did not sporulate on agar media but formed sporangia in water and also formed sex organs in single culture. Sporangia were semipapillate, ovoid obpyriform, measured 45.6-52.8 ${\times}$ 33.6-36.0$\mu\textrm{m}$. Sporagia were very variable in shape. Optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25$^{\circ}C$. Oogonia were spherical and antheridia were paragynous. Optimum temp for mycelial growth was 25$^{\circ}C$. The isolate was identified as Phytopkhora citricola on the basis of the morphological characteristics and cardinal temperature.

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Comparison of Cardinal Temperatures of Lettuce Using Bilinear, Parabolic, and Beta Distribution Functions (선형, 쌍곡선과 Beta 함수를 이용한 상추의 주요 온도 비교)

  • Cha, Mi-Kyung;Kim, Chun-Sik;Austin, Jirapa;Cho, Young-Yeol
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 2014
  • The objective of this study was to estimate cardinal temperatures for germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativar L.) using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution functions. Seeds of lettuce were germinated in a growth chamber at 7 constant temperatures: 10, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, and $32^{\circ}C$. Four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on two layers of filter paper in a 9 cm petri-dish. Radicle emergence of 1 mm was scored as germination. The time course of germination was modeled using a logistic function. These minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were estimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate against the temperature gradient. In bilinear function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $7.9^{\circ}C$, $23.3^{\circ}C$, and $28.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. In parabolic function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $9.7^{\circ}C$, $19.5^{\circ}C$, and $29.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. In beta distribution function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $3.7^{\circ}C$, $20.7^{\circ}C$ and $32.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Minimum, optimum, and maximum ranges of temperatures were $3.7{\sim}9.7^{\circ}C$, $19.5{\sim}23.3^{\circ}C$, and $28.0{\sim}32.0^{\circ}C$, respectively.

Crown Rot of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) Caused by Phytophthora cactorum (Phytophthora cactorum에 의한 딸기 역병)

  • 임양숙;정기채;김승한;박선도
    • Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.735-737
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    • 1998
  • A severely wilting of strawberry caused by a Phytophthora sp. has occurred houses after planting in vinyl-houses field at Ssanglim and Anlim areas Kyungbuk in Korea from October in 1997. Phytophthora sp. isolated from diseased tissues of the crown of strawberry. Browning rot of inner crown and root resulted in wilt and eventual death of the plant. The causal fungus was identified as Phytophthora cactorum. Sporangia were ovoid, conspicuously papillate, caducous and measured 30.0~56.6$\times$23.8~35.2 (av. 39.3~29.9) ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Sexuality of the fungus was homothallic. Oogonia were sperical and 23.3~32.3 (av. 29.0) ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size. Most ahteridia were paragynous and measured av. 10.2~12.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Cardinal temperature for growth at minimum, optium, maximum were recorded at 7, 20~25, and 32$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fungus show strong pathogenicity to strawberry. This is the first report of strawberry caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Korea.

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Effects of Medium, Temperature and pH on Mycelial Growth and Cellulase Activity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi from Korean Forests (우리나라 산림에서 분리한 외생균근균의 균사생장에 있어 배지, 온도, pH의 영향과 셀룰라아제 활성)

  • Jeon, Sung-Min;Kim, Min-Soo;Ka, Kang-Hyeon
    • The Korean Journal of Mycology
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.191-203
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    • 2012
  • Mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi (27 strains of 8 species) collected from Korean forests was observed on various culture conditions (media, temperature, pHs). After 60 days of incubation, all strains grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and modified Melin-Norkran's agar (MMNA), whereas no mycelial growth was observed on malt extract agar (MEA) or sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) in some strains including Tricholoma matsutake. Mycelial growth on PDA was poor at high temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) than the low temperature ($10^{\circ}C$). The optimal temperature on PDA and pH in potato dextrose broth (PDB) for mycelial growth in most strains were $20-25^{\circ}C$ and pH 4-5, respectively. All strains tested showed the carboxymethyl cellulase (CM-cellulase) activity and the maximal cellullase activity was expressed by the mycelium of T. matsutake (KFRI 1266) on the CMC agar plate with pH 5.0.

Effect of Temperature on Biology of Different Isolates of Catenaria anguillulae

  • Gupta, R.C.;Singh, K.P.
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.17-23
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    • 2004
  • Growth of ten isolates of Catenaria anguillulae on linseed oil-cake agar medium was studied at 10, 13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 44 and $46^{\circ}C$. The cardinal temperatures of these isolates were also determined. Observations clearly revealed that the isolates differed in their temperature requirements. Isolate GA was found to grow best at $40^{\circ}C$, whereas VF isolate showed best growth at 35 and $40^{\circ}C$. Isolates PA, KA, CHP, KO, MA and SWP grew best at $35^{\circ}C$. The other isolates(KP and MMT) showed their best growth at $30^{\circ}C$. Based on radial growth, isolates were categorized as fast growing, medium growing and slow growing. Studies on effect of different temperatures on pathogenicity was made using only three isolates: VF, KP and MA against Xiphinema basin. VF isolate caused maximum infection at $40^{\circ}C$, whereas KP and MA isolates caused maximum infection at $30^{\circ}C$. The morphology of sporangia varied with temperature in isolates producing elongate-elliptical or filamentous sporangia. In VF isolate the sporangia were largely iilamentous to elongate elliptical at $30^{\circ}C$. The width of the sporangia increased with increasing and decreasing temperatures. At $44^{\circ}C$ the sporangia of this isolate were mostly broadly elliptical or spherical. This clearly indicates that sporangia vary in morphology with temperature. From the morphometrical studies it was understood that sporangial morphology was more consistent and reliable for grouping of isolates. Based on the morphology of sporangia the isolates of C. anguillulae were characterized in three groups viz., Mamentouslelongate elliptical(VF, KA, GA and SWP), spherical(PA, KP, MA and MMT) and vertically elongate sporangia(CHP and KO).

Optimal Salt Concentration and Temperature for Perilla Seed Germination and Soil Bulk Density, Sowing Depth, and Salinity on Emergence Rate in Reclaimed Soil (들깨 NaCl 농도, 온도에 따른 발아와 간척지 토양에서 용적밀도, 파종깊이, 염농도에 따른 출현 특성)

  • Yang-Yeol Oh;Kwang Seung-Lee;Hee-Kyoung Ock;Hak-Seong Lee;Seo-Young Jung;Bo-Seong Seo;Young-Tae Shin;Kang-Ho Jung;Bang-Hun Kang;Hyun-Suk Jo;Su-Hwan Lee;Jin Jung;Seung-Yeon Kim;Jung-In Kim
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.68 no.4
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    • pp.413-421
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    • 2023
  • Data on salt tolerance, optimal sowing depth, soil bulk density (pb) and cardinal temperatures required for the germination and emergence of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt) are scarce for reclaimed land soil. An experiment was conducted across six temperature treatments (10, 15, 20 , 25, 30, and 35℃) to determine the cardinal temperature for perilla seed germination and four salinity levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 mM) to determine the salt tolerance. Another experiment was performed for quantifying the emergence response of perilla to pb (1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 g cm-3), sowing depth (1, 2, 3, and 4 cm) and soil salinity. The results revealed that increased sodium chloride levels caused a significant reduction in the seed germination at Deulhyang and Sodam. The optimum upper limit temperature was less than 35℃. The optimal sowing depth and soil bulk density were 1 cm and 1.1 g cm-3 respectively. Perilla seedling growth was inhibited at 1.9 dS m-1 although varying responses were observed. These results aid our understanding of the germination and emergence rate of these crops and provide data for field cultivation to optimize crop sowing in reclaimed land.