• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2014

Agro-ecosystem plays an important role in the mitigation of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration through photosynthesis and soil carbon fixation. The perennial crops have capacity of carbon accumulation because they have lived for years in the same position. Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the fruit orchard by photosynthesis and soil carbon sequestration. The objectives of this review are to introduce the fruit orchard as a carbon dioxide sink and to summarize the methods that measure $CO_2$ flux in the orchard. There are three difference methods (chamber, biomass, and eddy covariance method) to measure $CO_2$ exchanges on sites. However, there is no standard method suitable for fruit cultivation condition in Korea. Thus the standard method have to be developed in order to exactly estimate the carbon accumulation. In foreign studies, the carbon assessments were conducted in apple, peach, olive, grape orchard and so on. On the other hand the estimation of $CO_2$ exchange was carried out for apple and mandarine orchard in Korea. According to these results, fruit orchard is a $CO_2$ sink even though amount of carbon accumulation is smaller than the forest. To introduce certainly fruit orchard as greenhouse gas sink, long-term monitoring and further study have to be conducted under each planting condition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1211-1215
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• 2012

Terrestrial ecosystem are a strong sink of carbon. Forest ecosystem, one of them, has been expected to play an important role in climate changing process by absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide. On the other hand, agricultural ecosystem that consists mainly of annual crops is regarded as poor contributor to carbon accumulation, because its production (carbon hydrate) is decomposed into carbon at a short period, which is emitted to the atmosphere. However, it is thought that fruit tree plays a great role in decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, same as forest. Net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) was measured to estimate carbon fixation capacity using an eddy covariance (EC) system method in 2 years from 2005 to 2006 at an apple orchard in Uiseong, Gyeongbuk. Average air temperature values were higher in 2006 than in 2005 during the dormant season, and lower by about $5^{\circ}C$ over the growing season causing visible cold injuries. Accordingly, we investigated long-term exchange of carbon to determine how much difference of carbon fixation capacity was shown between 2006 and 2005 in terms of environmental and plant variables such as NEE, leaf area index (LAI), and Albedo. NEE was $4.8Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in 2005 and $4.7Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in 2006, respectively. Low temperature after July in 2006 decreased LAI values faster than those in 2005. Meanwhile, Albedo values were higher after July in 2006 than in 2005. These results show that the low temperature after July in 2006 apparently affected apple growth.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1763-1766
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• 2003

Algal growth studies of Chlorella strains were conducted in a batch mode with bench type experiments. Carbon dioxide fixation rates of the following green microalgae were determined: Chlorella sp. H84, Chlorella sp. A2, Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230, Chlorella vulgaris, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. C. vulgaris, among other strains of microalgae, showed the highest growth rate (1.17 optical density/5 days). Cultivating conditions for C. vulgaris that produced the highest growth rate were at concentrations of 243 ${\mu}g\;CO_2$/mL, 10 mM ammonia, and 1 mM phosphate, with an initial pH range of 7-8.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.19-21
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2001

The biological carbon dioxide fixation using microalgae and photo-bioreactor has been known as an effective carbon dioxide reduction technology. As algae has many other environmental factor for its growth, the desirable cultivation factors were investigated using a green alga, Euglena gracilis Z. In this study, Euglena gracilis Z showed good $CO_2$ fixation ability in high $CO_2$ concentration of 10-20% and it contained the high protein and vitamin E enough to be used as fodder. For the mass cultivation, the continuous and semi-continuous cultivation methods were employed. The optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the continuous cultivation was 4 days at carbon dioxide concentration of 10%. In this condition, the final cell number was $3.57{\times}10^6/m{\ell}$. The growth of Euglena gracilis Z increased according to the light intensity.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2013

Copper (II) and Nickel (II) mimic complexes of enzyme carbonic anhydrase were evaluated under ambient condition for carbon dioxide capture and conversion process. The synthesized complexes were characterized by ATR-FTIR and UV-DR spectroscopy. It was found that all the complexes have biomimetic activity towards $CO_2$ using para-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) hydrolysis as the model reaction. Interestingly, the proper geometry obtained by the restricted orientation of tripodal N atoms in Cu (II) complex of 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl) pyridine showed the highest activity (1.14 au) compared to others. The $CO_2$ bio-mineralization to $CaCO_3$ was carried out via in-vitro crystallization approach. Results indicate that the biomimetic complexes have a role in determining $CaCO_3$ morphology. The present observations establish a qualitative insight for the design of improved small-molecule catalysts for carbon capture.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2003

The study of growth characteristics for Spirulina platensis were carried out in 400 mL cylindrical photobioreactor and the effects of carbon dioxide concentration and flow rate during the growth of Spirulina platensis were investigated. The results showed that relatively low carbon dioxide concentration and high flow rate forced the growth of Spirulina platensis in experiment conditions. The pH analysis showed that different carbon dioxide concentration might form particular aqueous carbonate system in culture medium and affect the growth of Spirulina platensis. In addition, the possibility of limiting light radiation by cell density was investigated by the analysis of specific growth rate. The result intimated that the cause of decrease of specific growth rate at exponential phase was due to the limitation of light radiation by Spirulina platensis cell density in cylindrical photobioreactor.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.425-436
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• 2015

The carbon cycle came into the spotlight due to the climate change and forests are well-known for their capacity to store carbon amongst other terrestrial ecosystems. The annual organic carbon of litter production, forest floor litter layer, soil, aboveground and belowground part of plant, standing biomass, net primary production, uptake of organic carbon, soil respiration, etc. were measured in Mt. Worak in order to understand the production and carbon budget of Quercus serrata forest that are widely spread in the central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The total amount of organic carbon of Q. serrata forest during the study period (2010-2013) was 130.745 ton C ha^-1. The aboveground part of plant, belowground part of plant, forest floor litter layer, and organic carbon in soil was 50.041, 12.510, 4.075, and 64.119 ton C ha^-1, respectively. The total average of carbon fixation in plants from photosynthesis was 4.935 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1 and organic carbon released from soil respiration to microbial respiration was 3.972 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. As a result, the net ecosystem production of Q. serrata forest estimated from carbon fixation and soil respiration was 0.963 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. Therefore, it seems that Q. serrata forest can act as a sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon uptake of Q. serrata forest was highest in stem of the plant and the research site had young forest which had many trees with small diameter at breast height (DBH). Consequentially, it seems that active matter production and vigorous carbon dioxide assimilation occurred in Q. serrata forest and these results have proven to be effective for Q. serrata forest to play a role as carbon storage and NEP.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 1999

A green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris UTX 259, was cultivated in a bench-scale raceway pond. During the culture, 15%(v/v) $CO_2$ was supplied and industrial wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant was used as a culture medium. In a small scale culture bottle, the microalga grew up to 1.8 g $dm^{-3}$ of cell concentration and ammonia was completely removed from the wastewater with an yield coefficient of 25.7 g dry cell weight $g^{-1}\;NH_3-N$. During the bottle-culture, microalga was dominant over heterotrophic microorganisms in the culture medium. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation could be estimated from the change of dry cell weight. In a semi-continuous operation of raceway pond with intermittent lighting (12 h light and 12 h dark), increase of dilution rate resulted in increase of the ammonia removal rate as well as the $CO_2$ fixation rate but the ammonia removal efficiency decreased. Ammonia was not completely removed from the medium (wastewater) of raceway pond which was operated in a batch mode under a light intensity up to 20 klux. The incomplete removal of ammonia was believed due to insufficient light supply. A mathematical model, capable of predicting experimental data, was developed in order to simulate the performance of the raceway pond under the light intensity of sun during a bright daytime. Simulation results showed that the rates of $CO_2$ fixation and ammonia removal could be enhanced by increasing light intensity. According to the simulation, 80 mg $dm^{-3}$ of ammonia in the medium could be completely removed if the light intensity was over 60 klux with a continuous lighting. Under the optimal operating condition determined by the simulation, the rates of carbon dioxide fixation and ammonia removal in the outdoor operation of raceway pond were estimated as high as $24.7 g m^{-2} day^{-1}$ and $0.52 g NH_3-N m^{-2} day^{-1}$, respectively.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been studied for the fixation of carbon dioxide to mitigate global warming problems, but it needed hydrogen, which the price is still high. Recently, the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide has been drawn attractions because carbon dioxide could be converted to the valuable chemicals such as methane, ethane and alcohols electrochemically in the electrolyte solution using a catalytic electrode. This system is simple because the water electrolysis and hydrogenation take place at the same time using the surplus electricity at midnight. In this work, a continuous electrochemical reduction system was fabricated, which was composed of the reduction electrode (copper or perovskite type, $2{\times}2cm^2$), reference electrode(platinum, $2{\times}6cm^2$), standard electrode(Ag/AgCl), and potassium bicarbonate electrolyte solution saturated with carbon dioxide. The quality and quantity of the products and reduction current were analyzed, according to the electrolyte concentration and electrode type.