• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.256-263
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• 2023

Objective: Feed molecular structures can affect its availability to gastrointestinal enzymes which impact its digestibility and absorption. The molecular spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is an advanced technique that measures the absorbance of chemical functional groups on the infrared region so that we can identify and quantify molecules and functional groups in a feed. The program aimed to reveal the association of intrinsic molecular structure with nutrient supply to animals from canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing. The objective of this study was to characterize special intrinsic carbohydrate and protein-related molecular structure spectral profiles of feedstock and co-products (meal and pellets) from bio-oil processing from two source origins: Canada (CA) and China (CH). Methods: The samples of feedstock and co-products were obtained from five different companies in each country arranged by the Canola Council of Canada (CCC). The molecular structure spectral features were analyzed using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy-ATR-FTIR. The spectral features that accessed included: i) protein-related spectral features (Amide I, Amide II, α-helix, β-sheet, and their spectral intensity ratios), ii) carbohydrate-related spectral features (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, CEC, STC1, STC2, STC3, STC4, TC, and their spectral intensity ratios). Results: The results showed that significant differences were observed on all vibrationally spectral features related to total carbohydrates, structural carbohydrates, and cellulosic compounds (p<0.05), except spectral features of TC2 and STC1 (p>0.05) of co-products, where CH meals presented higher peaks of these structures than CA. Similarly, it was for the carbohydrate-related molecular structure of canola seeds where the difference between CA and CH occurred except for STC3 height, CEC and STC areas (p>0.05). The protein-related molecular structures were similar for the canola seeds from both countries. However, CH meals presented higher peaks of amide I, α-helix, and β-sheet heights, α-helix:β-sheet ratio, total amide and amide I areas (p<0.05). Conclusion: The principal component analysis was able to explain over 90% of the variabilities in the carbohydrate and protein structures although it was not able to separate the samples from the two countries, indicating feedstock and coproducts interrelationship between CH and CA.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.827-830
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• 2008

Enterococcus is a fecal indicator bacterium and often used to indicate fecal contamination in the environment. Carbohydrates fermentation patterns of Enterococcus isolates were investigated as a way to differentiate the source of fecal contamination. Total 1826 Enterococcus isolates were obtained from cows, pigs, chickens, ducks, and humans in two geographically different locations. Distributions of carbohydrate fermentation patterns showed discrepancies among sources. This study suggest that the possibility of the use of Enterococcus in microbial source tracking.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

Microstructure of abaxial leaf surface and carbohydrate content of propagules grown in different culture conditions such as heterotrophic, mixotrophic and autotrophic carbon source were investigated. In the leaves of propagules which were grown in the green house, autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, wax layer was observed, but in the leaves of the heterotrophic propagules, it was not observed. Size and number of stomata of the leaves in the heterotrophic condition was larger and more numerous than that of autotrophic propagules. Especially, stomata of the leaves in the autotrophic condition was similar to the leaves of plant grown in green house. Carbohydrate content was higher in photoautotrophic condition than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. Also, Free sugar content showed higher in photoautotrophic propagules than that in mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. In all the culture conditions, content of glucose were higher than that of other free sugars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.288-293
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• 2000

Two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.), Hwa-seongbyeo of Japonica type and Taebackbyeo of Indica/Japonica type, were cultivated with hydroponic culture to examine nitrogen effects on the growth responses, contents and utilizations of carbohydrates, and the ripening velocity of grains with three different N levels. Plant height and tiller number were clearly increased to 80 ppm N level compared to 40 ppm N level and then they were slightly decreased in N level of 120 ppm. Higher dry weights were appeared with 80 ppm N level than did with other N levels, showing statistically differences in both cultivars and N levels, while dry weight of roots was heavier with decreasing the N levels. Therefore, T/R ratios were not significantly different among N levels, although there was statistically differences between rice cultivars. After the flowering stage, higher water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-insoluble carbohydrate (WISC) were contained in stem compared with other parts, showing that WISC of sheath and stem, unlike WSC, was significantly different among N levels. Starch of grain, WISC, was remarkedly increased from 3.0% at just after the flowering to 52.0% and 75.0% at 15 and 30 day after the flowering, respectively, showing that lower N application had faster accumulation of starch in rice grains. N would affect the contents of carbohydrates of each tissue, and starch accumulation in rice grains.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.584-593
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• 2021

In the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, an acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), similar to the one established in 2015, was determined for carbohydrates. AMDR is the ratio that signifies energy intake from carbohydrates to the total energy intake, and is a reference that indicates a decreasing risk of chronic diseases. The AMDR of carbohydrate was determined to be optimal at 55-65% for all ages above 1 year. For the first time, in the year 2020, the estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for carbohydrates were established. The EAR was based on the amount of glucose used per day in the brain, and was set at 100 g/day for all ages above 1 year. The RNI was set at 130 g/day, by adding a double coefficient of variation using a 15% coefficient of variation, for all ages above 1 year. In pregnant women, the amount of glucose utilized by the fetus brain was considered additionally, and for lactating women the amount of lactose secreted into maternal milk was additionally taken into consideration. Since the EAR of carbohydrate indicates the minimum amount of glucose required by the brain and is not an appropriate intake amount as an energy source, it is incorrect to compare the carbohydrate intake with the EAR or RNI. To evaluate the nutritional status of carbohydrate, it is appropriate to use the AMDR. Carbohydrate intakes within the AMDR range has the possibility in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Hence, it is important to consider the quality as well as quantity of carbohydrates consumed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study was to revise the target pattern in food guidance system for adolescents' balanced menu planning. Methods: The food groups in the target pattern were divided into detailed food items, and intake number were assigned to each food items based on the revised standard food composition table. The validity of revised target pattern was examined. Menu planning according to the revised target pattern was made available to 305 male and female middle school students and the nutritional assessment of the menu plan were carried out using SPSS WIN 12.0. Results: The energy contents, energy contribution ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and 4 minerals' and 6 vitamins' contents of the revised target pattern were adequate. The average energy contents of the menu planned according to revised target pattern were 400~500 kcal higher than that of the revised target pattern when the revised standard food composition was applied. The energy contribution ratios of fat were 28.9%, close to maximum of acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (30%), and that of carbohydrate were 54.5%, lower than minimum of AMDR (55%). The nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0. According to index of nutritional quality (INQ) of food items, kimchi, milk dairy products, and soybean curd were energy efficient source for calcium, kimchi, fruit, vegetable and seaweed were energy efficient source for vitamin C, with INQ of food items were higher or close to 2.0. Kimchi was the best energy efficient source of calcium and vitamin C. Conclusions: Revised target pattern based on the adolescent's foods intake was not good enough for balanced menu planning by adolescents, because what they ate and what they wanted to eat were very much different. Detailed guidance for food selection is necessary in each food items.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the distribution and exposure prevalence of total carbohydrate intake and the carbohydrate-based foods such as rice, noodles, sweet potatoes, sweet drinks, milk and fruits and to characterize intake patterns among obese Korean adults. Methods: Subjects included 137,363 adults aged 40 years or older who participated in a Health Examinees (HEXA) Study. Multiple regression analysis of data from Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ) identified food sources of carbohydrates. Weight, height and waist circumstance (WC) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity was defined as $BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$ and abdominal obesity as $WC{\geq}90cm$ and ${\geq}85cm$ for males and females, respectively. Results: Obese adults appeared to have a higher total carbohydrate intake in the univariate analysis but had eaten less after adjustment for general and lifestyle factors, compared to normal weight adults (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.82 for general obesity; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively). Based on advance analysis for the food sources of carbohydrates, obese subjects had lower intake of rice (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.68 -1.09 for general obesity; OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.67-1.13, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001, respectively) and higher intake of noodles (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.27 for general obesity; OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19-1.32, for abdominal obesity; P trend < 0.0001 respectively). With regard to other food sources of carbohydrates such as milk and fruits, intake was lower among obese compared to normal weight subjects. Conclusions: In the Korean middle-aged and older obesity groups, the intake of carbohydrates and the related foods was lower than in normal weight subjects, except for noodles. We conclude that a higher intake of noodles may enhance weight-gain. Therefore, this study suggested that the guidelines should consider the types of carbohydrate sources and the amount consumed from foods in order to provide proper guidance with regard to control and prevent obesity among Korean adults.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.14-15
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• 1995

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.10-13
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• 1995

Butanol can be manufactured by chemical synthesis or by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate-containing materials. Today the principal commercial source of n-butanol is n-butyraldehyde, obtained from the Oxo reaction of propylene. When crude oil price was sky-rocketed in late 70's and subsequently the price of petrochemical products raised, butanol production from renewable resources such as agricultural and forestry products once gained research interests.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.352-355
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• 2000

Production of pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans HP-2001 with agro-industrial byproducts was investigated. Agro-industrial byproducts from the rice processing industry for the traditional Korean food (AIB-A), apple juice production (AIB-B), and soybean sauce production (AIB-C) were used for carbon and nitrogen source for production of pullulan. Major components of AIB-A were glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and dextran. AIB-A and B were found to be good substitute to glucose as carbon source. Productivity of pullulan with AIB-A and B as carbon source was similar to that glucose. Molecular weight of pullulan produced with AIB-A and B was higher than that with glucose. Major components of AIB-B and C were carbohydrate, protein, fat and ash. AIB-C was also a good substitute to yeast extract as nitrogen source. Some of physiological conditions were examined for the large scale production of pullulan.