Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2021.54.6.584

The development of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans: carbohydrate  

Kim, Wookyoung (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University)
Publication Information
Journal of Nutrition and Health / v.54, no.6, 2021 , pp. 584-593 More about this Journal
Abstract
In the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, an acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), similar to the one established in 2015, was determined for carbohydrates. AMDR is the ratio that signifies energy intake from carbohydrates to the total energy intake, and is a reference that indicates a decreasing risk of chronic diseases. The AMDR of carbohydrate was determined to be optimal at 55-65% for all ages above 1 year. For the first time, in the year 2020, the estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for carbohydrates were established. The EAR was based on the amount of glucose used per day in the brain, and was set at 100 g/day for all ages above 1 year. The RNI was set at 130 g/day, by adding a double coefficient of variation using a 15% coefficient of variation, for all ages above 1 year. In pregnant women, the amount of glucose utilized by the fetus brain was considered additionally, and for lactating women the amount of lactose secreted into maternal milk was additionally taken into consideration. Since the EAR of carbohydrate indicates the minimum amount of glucose required by the brain and is not an appropriate intake amount as an energy source, it is incorrect to compare the carbohydrate intake with the EAR or RNI. To evaluate the nutritional status of carbohydrate, it is appropriate to use the AMDR. Carbohydrate intakes within the AMDR range has the possibility in reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Hence, it is important to consider the quality as well as quantity of carbohydrates consumed.
Keywords
Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans; carbohydrate; estimated average requirement; recommended nutrient intake; acceptable macronutrient distribution range;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Park MH, Nam KS, Chung SJ. Effects of a low glycemic load diet on body weight loss in overweight or obese young adults. J Nutr Health 2020; 53(5): 464-475.   DOI
2 Brouns F. Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet recommendable? Eur J Nutr 2018; 57(4): 1301-1312.   DOI
3 Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34(3): 362-366.   DOI
4 Jung HJ, Song WO, Paik HY, Joung H. Dietary characteristics of macronutrient intake and the status of metabolic syndrome among Koreans. Korean J Nutr 2011; 44(2): 119-130.   DOI
5 Song Y, Joung H. A traditional Korean dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome abnormalities. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22(5): 456-462.   DOI
6 Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2019 National health statistics. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020.
7 Choi HM. 21st Nutrition. 6th ed. Paju: Kyomunsa; 2021. p.62-66.
8 Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss? Lancet 2004; 364(9437): 897-899.   DOI
9 Oh HW, Jun DW. Association between a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: truth or myth? Korean J Med 2017; 92(2): 112-117.   DOI
10 Han YH, Kim HJ, Chung RH, Baek WS. A Retrospective study of the relationship between sleep duration, carbohydrate intake and the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in Korean, based on the 2013-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Fam Pract 2019; 9(1): 89-95.   DOI
11 Moon HK, Kong JE. Assessment of nutrient intake for middle aged with and without metabolic syndrome using 2005 and 2007 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(1): 69-478.   DOI
12 Song SJ, Lee JE, Paik HY, Park MS, Song YJ. Dietary patterns based on carbohydrate nutrition are associated with the risk for diabetes and dyslipidemia. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6(4): 349-356.   DOI
13 Goodridge AG, Sul HS. Lipid metabolism synthesis and oxidation. In: Stipanuk MH, editor. Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Human Nutrition. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Company; 2000. p.305-350.
14 Kim EK, Lee JS, Hong H, Yu CH. Association between glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary carbohydrates and diabetes from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005. Korean J Nutr 2009; 42(7): 622-630.   DOI
15 Ha K, Song Y. Low-carbohydrate diets in Korea: why does it matter, and what is next? J Obes Metab Syndr 2021; 30(3): 222-232.   DOI
16 Sim YJ. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. Korean J Obes 2016; 25(4): 188-189.   DOI
17 Paoli A. Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11(2): 2092-2107.   DOI
18 Westman EC. Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition? Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75(5): 951-953.   DOI
19 Naude CE, Schoonees A, Senekal M, Young T, Garner P, Volmink J. Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9(7): e100652.   DOI
20 St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH, et al. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104(15): 1869-1874.   DOI
21 Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, et al. Weight loss with a lowcarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(3): 229-241.   DOI
22 Mansoor N, Vinknes KJ, Veierod MB, Retterstol K. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2016; 115(3): 466-479.   DOI
23 Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes food exchange system guide, 3rd ed. Seoul: Korean Diabetes Association; 2010.
24 Kim JH. Effects of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. Korean J Obes 2016; 25(4): 176-183.   DOI
25 Choi Y, Chang Y, Ryu S, Cho J, Kim MK, Ahn Y, et al. Relation of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load to coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic Korean adults. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116(4): 520-526.   DOI
26 Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 2008; 117(6): 754-761.   DOI
27 Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015.
28 Kwon O, Kim H, Kim J, Hwang JY, Lee J, Yoon MO. The development of the 2020 dietary reference intakes for Korean population: Lessons and challenges. J Nutr Health 2020; 54(5): 425-434.
29 Choi H, Song S, Kim J, Chung J, Yoon J, Paik HY, et al. High carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among Korean adults. Nutr Res 2012; 32(2): 100-106.   DOI
30 Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2005.
31 Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2020. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020.
32 Lee LH. Bone health status of Korean elderly people and dietary factors related to bone mineral density. J Res Ins Korean Educ 2006; 24: 1-19.
33 Han MR, Lim JH, Song YJ. The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009. J Nutr Health 2014; 47(3): 186-192.   DOI