• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.46.1-46.19
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• 2015

Background: This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls - CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2020

The problems with unsorted municipal waste are always associated with disposal issues as it requires a large area for landfilling or high energy used for incineration. In recent years, an autoclaving technique has been considered a promising approach which could minimize the volume of organic waste from being directly disposed or incinerated. In this work, an attempt was done to study the saccharification potential of organic residues under elevated temperature Thermal treatment involving hot water bath was applied to treat the organic residue ranging from 60℃ to 100℃ for 30 and 60 minutes. The result obtained showed an increasing trend for the concentration of glucose and carbohydrate. However, the result for lignocellulose content which contains various component includes extractive, holocellulose, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin show variation. Based on the thermal treatment carried out, the result indicated that the trend of glucose and carbohydrate content. The highest percentage of glucose that can be obtained 978.602 ㎍/ml which could be obtained at 90℃ at 60 minutes. The carbohydrate also shows an increasing trend with 0.234 mg/ml as the highest peak achieved at 80℃ for 30 minutes treatment. However, it was found that the lignocellulose content varies with temperature and time. The statistical analysis was carried out using two-ways ANOVA shows an interaction effect between the independent variables (temperature and contact time) and the saccharification effects on the food wastes. The result shows a variation in the significant effect of independent variables on the changes in the composition of food waste.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased worldwide in parallel with overnutrition characterized by high-fat and high-carbohydrate intake. Our objective was to establish, in 16 weeks, a model of NAFLD in Wistar pathogen-free rats following four dietary types. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty (6 weeks old) healthy Wistar male rats, weighing an average of 150 g were randomly divided into four groups of ten and assigned a diet with the same quantity (15 g/rat/day), but with different composition. The moderate-fat (MF) group was fed a moderate-fat diet (31.5% fat and 50% carbohydrates), the high-fat (HF) group was fed a fat-rich diet (51% fat), the high-sucrose (HS) group and the high-fructose (HFr) group were fed a carbohydrate-rich diet (61%). The carbohydrate contents of the HS group was composed of 60.3% sucrose while that of the HFr group was composed of 59.3% fructose. RESULTS: At week 16, the HF group had the highest percentage of cells enriched in fat (40%) and the highest weight and liver weight (P < 0.05). The HFr group showed significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin at week 16 as compared to week 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 15 g/rat/day diet composed of 51% fat or 61% carbohydrates enriched mainly in fructose may induce characteristics of NAFLD in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1148-1156
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• 2011

Compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed different diets with different feeding regime was compared. Four hundred fifty fish (twenty five fish per tank) were randomly distributed into 18 of 180 L flow-through tanks. Six treatments were prepared: fish were hand-fed with the control (C) diet to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 8 weeks (C-8W treatment); and other groups of fish were starved for 2 weeks and then fed with the C, high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high lipid (HL), and combined protein, carbohydrate and lipid (CPCL) diets to satiation twice a day, six days a week, for 6 weeks, referred to as C-6W, HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W, and CPCL-6W treatments, respectively. Final body weight of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in C-6W, but not different from that of fish in C-8W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Specific growth rate of fish in HP-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in all other treatments except for fish in CPCL-6W treatment. Feeding rate of fish in C-8W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments, but not different from that of fish in C-6W treatment. In addition, feeding rate of fish in C-6W treatment was higher than that of fish in HP-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments. Feed and protein efficiency ratios of fish in HP-6W, HC-6W, HL-6W and CPCL-6W treatments were higher than those of fish in C-6W treatment. None of moisture, crude protein and ash content of the whole body of fish excluding the liver was different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of protein, carbohydrate, lipid and their combination could improve compensatory growth of fish when fish were fed for 6 weeks after 2-week feed deprivation; especially, supplementation of dietary protein was the most effective to improve compensatory growth of fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1747-1755
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• 2018

Objective: Common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) could potentially provide an alternative resource for silage; however, its silage quality is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors in reed that contribute to poor quality and determine how the use of additives at ensiling could improve fermentation quality. Methods: In Experiment 1, we determined the chemical composition and the presence of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in reed. We further examined fermentation quality of reed silage under conditions without additives (NA) and treated glucose (G), lactic acid bacteria (L), and their combination (G+L). In Experiment 2, silage of NA, and with an addition of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (CL) were prepared from harvested reed. The harvested reeds were fertilized at nitrogen concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and $12g\;N/m^2$ and were harvested thrice within one year. Results: The indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates are at extremely low concentrations in reed. Reed silage, to which we added G+L, provided the highest quality silage among treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, N fertilization had no negative effect on silage quality of reed. The harvest times decreased fermentable carbohydrate content in reed. The CL treatment provided a higher lactic acid content compared to the NA treatment. However, the quality of CL treated silage at the second and third harvests was significantly lower than at the first harvest, due to a reduction in carbohydrates caused by frequent harvesting. Conclusion: The causes of poor quality in reed silage are its lack of indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates and its high moisture content. In addition, reed managed by frequent harvesting reduces carbohydrate content. Although the silage quality could be improved by adding CL, higher-quality silage could be prepared by adding fermentable carbohydrates, such as glucose (rather than adding cellulases).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.300-305
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• 1986

The contributing ratio and type of carbohydrate supply as an energy source were investigated for the period from 1974 to 1984. The major component of energy in food groups was cereals, but the cereals and potatoes were decreased almost steadily. The share from sugars, meats, oils, milk and eggs has been doubled with per capita income increase. Vegetable foods were consisted of 90% of total energy supply. In 1984, approximate 70% of the energy supply of cereals was provided by rice. The type and composition of carbohydrate supply were influenced by per capita income and food processing technology. Less carbohydrate intake and the ratio of complex carbohydrates to refined sugar and simple sugars also decreased.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.143-151
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• 2006

Regular exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profiles and exercise adaptation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training at different times of day on body composition, blood lipids, stress hormones and nutrient intakes. Twenty four male graduate students carried out this experiment. The subjects were divided into three groups; morning exercise group, evening exercise group and control group. Two exercise groups performed running and muscular resistance training at mid intensity for 12 week periods. Body composition, blood lipid profiles, blood cortisol, ACTH and nutrient intakes were analyzed prior to, midway and after training. There were significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods in plasma TG and HDL-C of the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). Also the evening exercise group was showed the decreasing of TC after training (p < 0.05). No significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods were shown in body composition, stress hormones and nutrient intakes in the three groups. But evening exercise training decreased body fat ($\%$) and blood ACTH (p < 0.05). Also the increasing of carbohydrate intakes was shown by the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). In contrast, morning exercise group indicated a decrease of body fat ($\%$) after 6 week training (p < 0.05), but this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of training. These results suggested that regular evening exercise is more effect than morning exercise from the viewpoint of improving body composition, blood lipids, nutrient intakes and exercise adaptation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.365-370
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• 2012

Proximate composition, reducing sugar, and mineral content of several cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa were analyzed. the moisture and soluble solid content of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa ('Korea', 'Kokang', 'Sewon 10', 'Sewon 11' and 'Jihwang 1') were 74.6~78.4% and $19.6{\sim}22.4^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. Proximate composition of dried Rehmannia glutinosa ranged from 82.91~86.94% carbohydrate, 3.38~5.70% crude protein, 2.5~3.0% crude ash and 3.47~3.80% fiber. Sugar composition by HPLC/ELSD showed that sucrose (4.49~7.75 g/100 g), raffinose (2.96~4.78 g/100 g) and stachyose (42.36~45.87 g/100 g) were present, whereas monosaccharides were not detected in 5 cultivars of dried Rehmannia glutinosa. Mineral compositions of dried Rehmannia glutinosa by ICP-AES were Ca (639.9~782.0 ppm), Fe (128.5~634.9 ppm), Na (119~150 ppm), K (6,639.1~10,448.0 ppm), Mg (372.2~981.8 ppm) and Zn (8.8~474.2 ppm). However, Co and Mo were not detected. Among 5 cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa, 'Kokang' and 'Sewon 10' contain higher amounts of Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Cu and Zn than the other cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-171
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• 2003

The food composition tables are frequently used to health and nutrition practices. But it is difficult to find out food exchange lists with food exchange groups in the food composition table. Over 2500 items and many kinds of nutrients are in the food composition table. But now food exchange lists are used a few foods. The internet demands the users needs for obtaining more food exchange lists and nutrient information from food composition. This basic study is to solve the users need and the supply more efficient and effective manipulation system for e-food exchange database construction and search system:ENECC/e-food exchnage(E-Nutrition Education and Couseling Center/e-food exchange). This paper introduces the food exchange database construction and search system(ENECC/e-food exchange) using the formula which calculates the food exchange quantity of 6 food exchange groups and added one extra groups(alcohol) based on the internet. The ENECC/e-food exchange database is basically based on the 6th food composition table(2001) of the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration, Korea. The e-food exchange database are consisted of 2,261 foods in 6 basic food groups and one extra groups by using ENECC calculating formula. Also, the e-food exchange database has the proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content such as energy, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, retinol equivalent, retinol, â-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, refuse per 100g of each food.