Browse > Article

The Effect of Combined Training at Different Times of Day on Body Composition, Plasma Lipids, Stress Hormones and Nutrient Intakes  

Lee, Kyoung-Young (Department of Physicial Education, Seoul National University)
Kim, Si-Young (Department of Physicial Education, Seoul National University)
Jun, Tae-Won (Department of Physicial Education, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition / v.11, no.1, 2006 , pp. 143-151 More about this Journal
Abstract
Regular exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profiles and exercise adaptation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training at different times of day on body composition, blood lipids, stress hormones and nutrient intakes. Twenty four male graduate students carried out this experiment. The subjects were divided into three groups; morning exercise group, evening exercise group and control group. Two exercise groups performed running and muscular resistance training at mid intensity for 12 week periods. Body composition, blood lipid profiles, blood cortisol, ACTH and nutrient intakes were analyzed prior to, midway and after training. There were significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods in plasma TG and HDL-C of the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). Also the evening exercise group was showed the decreasing of TC after training (p < 0.05). No significant differences about interaction between different exercise times and training periods were shown in body composition, stress hormones and nutrient intakes in the three groups. But evening exercise training decreased body fat ($\%$) and blood ACTH (p < 0.05). Also the increasing of carbohydrate intakes was shown by the evening exercise training (p < 0.05). In contrast, morning exercise group indicated a decrease of body fat ($\%$) after 6 week training (p < 0.05), but this effect was not maintained after 12 weeks of training. These results suggested that regular evening exercise is more effect than morning exercise from the viewpoint of improving body composition, blood lipids, nutrient intakes and exercise adaptation.
Keywords
different times of day; exercise training; blood lipids; stress hormone; nutrient intakes;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 de Assis MA, Kupek E, Nahas MV, Bellisle F (2003): Food intake and circadian rhythms in shift workers with a high workload. Appetite 40(2): 175-183   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Kim SY, Lee KY, Jun TW (2005): The effect of running and muscular resistance training in circadian rhythms on melatonin, growth hormone, $VO_2max$, fat mass, and lean body mass. Exercise Science 14(3): 299-312
3 Kraemer RR, Acevedo EO, Synovitz LB, Durand RJ, Johnson LG, Petrella E, Fineman MS, Gimpel T, Castracane VD (2002): Glucoregulatory endocrine responses to intermittent exercise of different intensities: plasma changes in a pancreatic beta-cell peptide, amylin. Metabolism 51(5): 657-663   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Lee YH (2000): The effects of regular swimming exercise on circulation capacity, physical fitness and serum lipids according to exercise frequency of women. Kor J Physic Edu 39(1): 455-466
5 O'brien M (1988): Overtraining and sports psychology. In: A Drix, HG Knuttgen and L Tittel (eds). The olympic book of sports medicine, pp.635-645
6 Oh SD (1999): The change of cortisol, testosterone by overload training program. Kor J Physic Edu 38(3): 522-531
7 Rosalin G (1990): Principles of nutritional assessment. Oxford University press, Boston
8 Ross R, Janssen I, Dawson J, Kungl AM, Kuk JL, Wong SL, Nguyen-Duy TB, Lee S, Kilpatrick K, Hudson R (2004): Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in Women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res 12(5): 789-798   DOI
9 Stubbs RJ, Sepp A, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, King N, Blundell J (2002): The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living men, consuming their normal diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 56(2): 129-140   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Costill DL, Thomas R, Robergs RA (1991): Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23(3): 371-377
11 Farrell PA, Garthwaite TL, Gustafson AB (1983): Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to submaximal and exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol 55(5): 1441-1444   DOI
12 Despres JP, Bouchard C, Savard R, Tremblay A, Marcotte M, Theriault G (1984): The effect of a 20-week endurance training program on adipose tissue morphology and lipolysis in men and women. Metabolism 33(3): 235-239   DOI   ScienceOn
13 An KH (2005): The effects of exercise type on body composition, cardiovascular fitness, physical performance and biochemical variables in type 2 diabetic patients. Kor J Physic Edu 44(5): 451-463
14 Morrey KM, Mclachian JA, Serkin CD, Bakouche O (1994): Activation of human monocytes by pineal hormone melatonin. J Immunol 153(6): 2671-2680
15 Bradbury MJ, Akana SF, Dallman MF (1994): Roles of type I and II corticosteroid receptors in regulation of basal activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis during the diurnal trough and the peak: evidence for a nonadditive effect of combined receptor occupation. Endocrinology 134(3): 1286-1296   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F (2002): Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. J Strength Cond Res 16(2): 286-289
17 Kim TH, Lim WK (2002): Effects of fluid intake on plasma ACTH, cortisol concentration and the control of blood glucose during prolonged exercise. Kor J Physic Edu 4(5): 945-957
18 Pawlow LA, O'Neil PM, Malclm RJ (2003): Night eating syndrome: effect of brief relaxation training on stress mood, hunger, and eating patterns. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(8): 970-980   DOI
19 Ruby NF, Dark J, Burns DE, Heller HC, Zucker I (2002): The suprachiasmatic nucleus is essential for circadian body temperature rhythms in hibernating ground squirrels. J Nehrosci 22(1): 357-364   DOI
20 Andik I, Bank J, Moring I, Szegvari GY (1954): The effect of exercise on the food intake and selection of food in the rat. Acta Physiol Hung 5(3-4): 457-461
21 Simonelli C, Eaton RP (1978): Reduced triglyceride secretion: a metabolic consequence of chronic exercise. Am J Physiol 234(3): E221-227
22 Hill DW (1996): Effect of time of day on aerobid power in exhaustive high intensity exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 36(3): 155-160
23 Kim H, Kim TY (2000): Effects of aerobic exercise on macronutrient self selection in rats. J Korean Nutr 12: 794-801
24 Lewy AJ, Sack RL (1989): The dim light melatonin onset as a maker for circadian phase position. Chronobiol Int 6(1): 93-102   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Hartman ML, Faria AC, Vance ML, Johnson ML, Thorner MO, Veldhuis JD (1991): Temporal structure of in vivo growth hormone secretory events in human. Am J Physiol 260: E101-E110
26 Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, King N, Blundell JE (2004): A decrease in physical activity affects appetite, energy, and nutrient balance in lean men feeding ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 79(1): 62-69   DOI
27 Consitt LA, Copeland JL, Tremblay MS (2002): Endogenous anabolic hormone responses to endurance versus resistance exercise and training in women. Sports Med 32(1): 1-22   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Ok JS, Kang CK, Choi MO (1999): Energy metabolism and responses of stress to two selected methods of aerobic exercise. Kor Soc Exerc Physiol 8(3): 323-334
29 Kim DJ (2004): The effect of abdominal breath and slow walking on the body composition, blood pressure and serum lipid in the hypertension obese male. Kor J Physic Edu 43(6): 451-463
30 Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972): Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18(6): 499-502
31 Larue-Achagiotis C, Martin C, Verger P, Louis-sylvestre J (1992): Dietary self-selection vs complete diet: body weight gain and meal pattern in rats. Physiol Behav 51(5): 995-999   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Scheen AJ, Buxton OM, Jison M, Van Reeth O, Leproult R, L'Hermite-Baleriaux M, Van Cauter E (1998): Effects of exercise on neuroendocrine secretions and glucose regulation at different times of day. Am J Physiol 274(6): E1040-1049   DOI
33 Jung WJ (1986): The changes of circadian rhythms in regulation capacity of exercise. Master thesis., Dongkuk University
34 Ashutosh K, Methrotra K, Fragale-Jackson J (1997): Effects of sustained weight loss and exercise on aerobic fitness in obese women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 37(4): 252-257
35 Horrocks PM, Jones AF, Ratcliffe WA, Holder G, White A, Holder R, Ratcliffe JG, London DR (1990): Patterns of ACTH and cortisol pulsatility over twenty-four hours in normal males and females. Clin Endocrinol 32(1): 127-134   DOI
36 Kanaley JA, Weltman JY, Pieper KS, Weltman A, Hartman ML (2001): Cortisol and growth hormone responses to exercise at different times of day. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(6): 2881-2889   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Blundell JE, Stubbs RJ, Hughes DA, Whybrow S, King NA (2003): Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite? Proc Nutr Soc 62(3): 651-661
38 Buono MJ, Yeager JE, Hodgdon JA (1986): Plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol responses to brief high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 61(4): 1337-1339   DOI
39 Galliven EA, Singh A, Michelson D, Bina S, Gold PW, Deuster PA (1997): Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise across time of day and menstrual cycle phase. J Appl Physiol 83(6): 1822-1831   DOI
40 Refinetii R (2000): Circadian physiology. CRC press LLC, Florida
41 American College of sports Medicine (2000): ACSM's Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 6th edition. A Wolters Kluwer Co., USA
42 Kang SB (1998): The effects of chronic endurance training on blood antioxidant enzymes and melatonin. PhD Dissertation., Dong-a University