• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2014

본 연구는 제1기~제4기 국민건강영양조사 (1998~2009) 자료를 이용하여 10~18세 청소년을 대상으로 고탄수화물 식사 그룹 (HCLF)과 고지방 식사 그룹 (LCHF)의 식사 특성이 대사증후군 위험요인에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 1) 에너지 섭취비율은 HCLF 그룹의 경우 탄수화물 : 단백질 : 지질이 76.3 : 12.6 : 11.1 인 반면, LCHF 그룹의 경우 52.9 : 14.7 : 32.4 로 두 그룹 간 유의적 차이가 났으며, 에너지 섭취는 HCLF 그룹이 1,733.1 kcal로 LCHF 그룹의 2,233.0 kcal에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 2) 두 그룹 간 에너지 섭취를 연령별 에너지 필요 추정량에 대비해 평가해보니 HCLF 그룹은 평균 79.0%를 충족하였고, LCHF 그룹은 100.3%를 충족하였다. 3) 에너지 섭취 보정을 위해 1,000 kcal 당의 영양소 밀도로 평가해보면 HCLF 그룹은 탄수화물, 나트륨, 철, 칼륨, 비타민 C의 섭취량은 유의적으로 높았으나, 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 비타민 A, 티아민, 리보플라빈, 나이아신의 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았다. 4) 대사증후군 위험요인을 비교해보면, HCLF 그룹에서 LCHF 그룹에 비해 혈청 중성지질 농도와 수축기 혈압은 유의적으로 높았고, 혈청 HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 낮았다. 다른 지표들은 두 그룹 간 차이가 없었다. 5) HCLF 그룹과 LCHF 그룹 간에 대사증후군 위험요인의 위험도와 대사증후군의 교차비는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 청소년 시기에도 고탄수화물 섭취가 대사증후군 지표에 영향을 미친다는 것을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 우리나라 탄수화물 섭취는 매우 높은 편이어서 앞으로 이 시기의 탄수화물의 질적, 양적 섭취 수준과 대사질환과의 관련성 연구가 더 이루어져야 하며, 성인기 만성질환으로의 이행에도 관련이 있으므로 장기적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient intake according to metabolic syndrome in Korean elderly. Data on 1,200 elderly (men 545, women 655) over 65 years was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. The subjects were divided into metabolic syndrome (MetS) and normal groups based on NCEP-ATP III guidelines and by applying the Asia-Pacific definition with waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS was 48.9% in all subjects, 35.6% in men and 58.9% in women, respectively. All nutrient intake was significantly lower in MetS than normal subjects, except iron, vitamin A, carotene, and retinol. In the carbohydrate: protein: fat (C:P:F) ratio, MetS showed a higher rate for carbohydrate, but a lower rate for protein and fat than normal. MetS was lower in calcium, vitamin B1, and vitamin C by the nutrient adequacy ratio than normal. Mean adequacy ratio of MetS (0.69) was lower than that of the normal group (0.72). These results demonstrated that undernutrition, not excess intake of specific nutrients - energy, fat, or cholesterol was associated with the risk for MetS in Korean elderly with MetS. Therefore, it is recommended to have a healthy dietary pattern with diverse nutrients for the prevention of MetS.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.224-232
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to identify the dietary patterns associated with the risk of hypertensions among Korean adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2010). This study analyzes data from 11,883 subjects who participated in the health and nutrition survey, aging from 20 to 64 years. We performed factor analysis based on the weekly mean intake frequencies of 36 food groups to identify major dietary patterns. We identified three major dietary patterns in both sexes, namely "traditional", "western" and "dairy and carbohydrate" patterns. Participants in the highest quartile of western pattern scores had significantly higher blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than those in the lowest quartile. Although not statistically significant, a trend (P for trend = 0.0732) toward a positive association between the western dietary pattern and hypertension risk was observed after adjustments for age, sex, education, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. The dairy and carbohydrate pattern was inversely related with BMI and blood pressures and positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjusting the age, sex, education, income, BMI, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern showed inverse associations with hypertension prevalence (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.55-0.75; P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber, sodium, and antioxidant vitamins were significantly higher in the top quartile for the traditional pattern than in the lowest quartile for the traditional pattern (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber (P for trend < 0.0001), calcium (P for trend < 0.0001), retinol (P for trend = 0.0164), vitamin $B_1$ (P for trend = 0.001), vitamin $B_2$ (P for trend < 0.0001), niacin (P for trend = 0.0025), and vitamin C (P for trend < 0.0001) were significantly increased across quartiles for the dairy and carbohydrate pattern whereas sodium (P for trend < 0.0001) intake was decreased for this pattern. In conclusion, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern may be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension whereas the western pattern may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Korean adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.8-17
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• 1976

This study was carried out to estimate the minimum protein requirement for the Korean college girls, and to see the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement in the rat. In the first experiment, three students attending Ewha Womans University were given protein free diet for 7 days while caloric intake were adjusted to maintain constant body weight. Endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to estimate their minimum protein requirement. Second experiment was carried out in 3 parts to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the minimum protein requirement using 15 female, 50 days old rats weighing 120g. Inexperiment 2-1, the rats were fed protein free diet for 9 days and endogenous nitrogen excretion was measured to determine the minimum protein requirement of the rats. In experiment 2-2, the minimum casein requirement of the rats needed to maintain nitrogen equilibrium was estimated by the least squares regression method feeding 3 different levels of casein determined from the result of experiment 2-1. Finally, in experiment 2-3, the rats were given the minimum casein requirement for 7 days with 3 different levels of carbohydrate to find out the effect of carbohydrate intake on the nitrogen balance. The results of this study were as follows. Experiment I. Daily endogenous nitrogen losses of 3 college girls were 1.89g in urine, 1.10g in feces and 0.0108g from skin since the total daily endogenous nitrogen loss was 3.0g and the total daily nitrogen intake was 0.52g, the minimum nitrogen requirement of these subjects was about 2.48g/day (15.5g protein/day). Experiment II. Experiment 2-1: daily endogenous nitrogen losses of the rats fed protein free diet were $22.63{\pm}0.48\;mg$ through urine and $13.12{\pm}0.47\;mg$ in feces. The total daily endogenous nitrogen ouput was $35.71{\pm}1.27\;mg$ and the minimum protein requirement of the rats was 225mg/day in this study. Experiment 2-2: the minimum casein requirement needed to maintain the rats in nitrogen equilibrium was determined to be 340mg/day. Experiment 2-3: the rats were given 350mg/day casein with 3 different levels of carbohydrate (12,26 or 46 Cal by sugar-cornstarch mixture). The nitrogen balances were measured to be +0.0021, +0.0073 and +0.0143 respectively and there were significant differences among 3 groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.237-249
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• 2002

This study was done to evaluate the nutritional status and the desirable time and period for making dietary records in male high school Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient and flood intake was investigated using dietary record method during usual training (UT, for 29 days) and special training (ST, for 17 days) periods in nine Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient intake by 7-d and 3-d dietary record were compared to the standard nutrient intake, which was computed from dietary record during total period of UT or ST. Total mean energy intake was 2278 kcal, 84% of RDA, and mean intakes of riboflavin, Ca and Fe were less than 77% of RDA. Mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, and P decreased during ST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Mean intakes of vegetables and grains ware the highest in the two periods and following were beverages and instant floods in UT, and meats and fruits in ST. During ST, mean intakes of mushrooms, meats and their products, and instant floods decreased, and sugars and sweets increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The contribution of grains and their products, instant floods, and meats and their products to mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were high. In snacks, the contribution of instant floods, breads and confections and beverages was high. During UT, cholesterol intake at weeks 1 and 3, and intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin at week 4 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Intakes of VA, Ca and Fe at week 1, and intakes of carbohydrates, cholesterol rind crude fiber at week 4 by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). During ST, VC intake at week 5, and energy intake from carbohydrate and cholesterol intake at week 6 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Cholesterol intake at week 7, and energy intake from carbohydrates and fat, and intakes of protein, fat, cholesterol and riboflavin by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 o. p < 0.01). In conclusion, empty-calorie floods can be a main source of diet and snacks for Taekwondo athletes, and education about desirable nutrients and floods intakes is needed to help them control their weight. When investigating the nutritional status of Taekwondo athletes in the future, the 7-day or 3-day dietary record is desirable provided they are conducted in the milddle of each period artier distinguishing UT from ST period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.407-418
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary factors related to the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Korea. The study consisted of 165 diabetic patients, male and female, aged 30 to 70 years and 198 healthy persons as controls. Diabetic patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for less than five years before the study period were recruited from eight different hospitals located in Seoul, Korea. Socioeconomic status, state of illness, physical activity, food habits and food intake were assessed. Food intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire method using a 105-food frequency questionnaire developed for diabetic patients. The stress and activity indices of diabetic patients were not significantly different from control, but alcohol consumption and smoking levels were higher in diabetics than controls. Other diseases of male diabetic patients included liver diseases, digestive system diseases, and hypertension, while those of female diabetics were hypertension, neuralgia, arthritis and digestive system diseases. These disease patterns are different from Western countries whose most common complications are hypertension and hyperlipidemia. More irregular and less varied meals were found in the diabetic group compared to the control group, suggesting that diabetic patients have generally undesirable food habits. Otherwise, food and nutrient intake of diabetics did not differ greatly from the control group. It was found that diabetic patients consumed more cereals and less fruit than the control group, and also that male diabetics consumed more alcohol. The carbohydrate : protein : fat energy distribution ratio was 61.7 : 15.8 : 22.5 in male patients and 65.1 : 14.9 : 19.7 in female patients. Discriminant analysis showed that diabetes risk factors differed with sex. In male patients, the important factors were body mass index(BMI), vitamin C intake, family diabetic history and vegetable intake, while in female patients they were BMI, cereals intake, carbohydrate intake, vitamin C intake, stress, food habits and Ca intake. These results show that excessive intake of energy and fat are not the major causal factors in Korean NIDDM. Therefore, the diabetes risk factors of Western countries may not directly apply to Koreans. Mors study is needed to clarify the risk factors of Korean NIDDM.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Over the past few decades, Malaysia has been experiencing an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity that threatens the health of Malaysians. Poor dietary intake is one of the major contributors to the development of obesity and many non-communicable diseases. The dietary intakes of adults in Malaysia were assessed to determine the association between the dietary intake variables and the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) measurements. This study examined whether the dietary intake achieved the recommended nutritional guidelines and compared the intakes between both sexes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The height, weight, and WC of four-hundred-and-ninety adults (n = 490) in Malaysia were measured using standard procedures. The three-day 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted on 422 out of the 490 adults and their dietary intakes were evaluated in detail. The selected dietary intake variables were used to determine the associations with the obesity indicators. RESULTS: Among the participants, 52.8% were overweight or obese. After data analysis, the mean energy intake was 1,550 kcal/day, in which male participants had a significantly higher energy and macronutrients intake than females. Protein consumption and its percentage of energy contribution exceeded the recommended range. The consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk and milk products were lower than the recommended number of servings for a healthy diet. The male participants consumed significantly more servings of carbohydrate-based foods, meat, and fats, oils, and sweets than females. Among the selected dietary intake variables, only the carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with the BMI (Estimate b = -0.008) and WC measurements (Estimate b = -0.019) after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated the dietary intakes of a sample of Malaysian adults and its association with the obesity indicators. The results highlight the need for improvements and modifications of the dietary intake of Malaysians to reduce the overweight and obesity rates.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1973

Sodium chloride plays an important role as the main condiment at daily meal. It is well known that humans require sodium chloride as an essential nutrient to keep the homeostasis of electrolytes. The amounts of salt intake may be a reflection of geography, culture and food habit rather than necessity. Lee has reported (1962) that Koreans ingest high amounts of sodium chloride in their meals, with an intake of excess carbohydrate (80-90% of total Calories) and low protein in their diet. This includes large amounts of rice, Kimchi and other fermented soybean products common in the Korean diet. This investigation was designed to study the dietary relations of sodium chloride to other nutrients in the Korean diet. Twenty four albino male rats, weighing from 290-300g, were divided into four dietary groups according to the amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat in the basal diet. Each diet contained a rice powder as a carbohydrate source. Diet I was a control diet, Diet II, low protein, Diet III, low protein and low fat diet and Diet IV, low fat diet. All rats were provided with 3% sodium chloride solution. Diet and salt solution were given ad libitum. The experiment was carried out for 9 weeks during which time the body weight, the food intake, and 3% sodium chloride solution consumption were determined. At the 9th week, the urine was collected the blood sample from the artery of each rat for the analysis of sodium and potassium and other chemical studies. The rats were sacrificed and the kidney, adrenal, liver and spleen were measured, and observed changes of the pathological tissue in the kidney and adrenal. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The growth rate was higher in Diet I than in the other experimental diets (II, III and IV) after 4 weeks. There was no significant difference found between the experimental Diets II, III and IV. 2) The daily food intake was greater in the experimental diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. However, there was no difference among the high carbohydrate diets Diet II, III and IV. 3) The daily water (3% sodium chloride solution) intake was also greater in the Diets II, III and IV, than in the control diet. However, there was no difference between Diets II, III and IV. 4) The concentration of sodium and potassium in the blood were within the normal range in all diets. 5) The amount of sodium chloride in the urine was significantly greater in Diets II, III and IV than in the control diet. Diets II, III, IV had a larger amount of sodium solution consumption. 6) Observation of pathological tissue in the experimental diets found a cell proliferation in the glomerlulus of the kidney, while such change was not found in the control diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.301-308
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• 1987

An attempt was made to assess nutrient intake of a group of rural housewives living in the area of Yeo-Ju, forty persons were surveyed between July 4 and 5, 1984. All foods and beverage were weighed and collected as consumed in the home over 24-hour periods and protein and ten inorganic element in the diets were assayed by laboratory analysis. 1) The average food intakes of the subject per day were 1105.7g, which consisted of vegetable food (93.1%), animal food 96.6%), and fats and oils (0.3% . The energy percentage of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 79.5%, 13.4% and 7.1%, respectively, showing higher dependence on carbohydrate. 2) The protein intake calculated from food table was 64.98g. The contribution of animal proteins to total protein was only 18.6g, for below the recommenced allowance. 3) Analysed daily mean intake (% of RDA) of protein (g), Ca(mg), K(g), Na(g), Mg(mg), P(mg), Zn(mg), Cu (mg), Mn(mg), Fe(mg) and Cl(g) were 60.79(93.3%), 395(65.9%), 4.79(85.268%), 6.53(198-594%), 321.4(107.15%), 827.8(103.38%), 15.81(105.4%), 1.66(55-835), 5.12(102.205%), 14.12(78.44%), 9.57(188-563%), respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.356-367
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary compliance and related variables in NIDDM patients. One hundred and fourteen patients at two hospitals in Seoul were interviewed and height, body weight, family history and postprandial blood glucose were analyzed statistically along with the dietary practices. 1) When the degree of dietary compliance was expressed as Tunbridge score, 75% was grouped as satisfactory, 9.7% as Tolerable, and 14.9% belonged to Hopeless group. 2) Calorie intake of the subjects was lower then RDA. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein contributed each 60 : 22 :18. When SFA was used 1, the relative ratio of PUFA : MUFA : SFA was 0.8 : 1.2 : 1. 3) The mean score of knowledge test on diet therapy was 5.6$\pm$2.9 out of possible 12.0 points. 4) Age had significant positive correlation with duration of diabetes(p<0.001), and significant negative correlation with scores of knowledge test on diet therapy was observed(p<0.001). 5) The difference of actual and prescribed calorie intake had positive correlation with PP2 blood glucose level(p<0.05), and significant negative correlation with age(p<0.05). 6) Statiscally significant variables on the practice of diet therapy were the present body weight, protein and carbohydrate intake, age, and sex.