• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1991

This experiment was aimed to develop possible methods to control the maturity of grape berries through the application of exogenous plant growth substances and physical treatments such as defoliation or girdling. 1. Chlormequat and paclobutrazol increased anthocyanin but did not affect soluble solids contents and maturity. Girdling enhanced maturation and solids accumulation whereas defoliation delayed maturity. Solids content of berries in defoliation treatment did not reach to the level of other treatments even when fully ripened. 2. Ripening of grapes is greatly delayed for 20 to 30 days by the application of auxins (2,4-D and fenoprop) compared to the untreated control. Uneven ripening of berries in those clusters was observed when the concentration of auxin was over 50 ppm. Thus, about 30% of berries remained green until the normal berries were overripened. 3. Gibberellin did not affect the maturity of grape berries but maturity was greatly delayed when GA was applied with auxins. Also, uneven coloration between berries was observed such as in the application of auxin alone. 4. Ethephon application combinded with calcium at veraison showed no effect on berry ripening but increased anthocaynin contents. It can be concluded that harvest time of 'Campbell Early' grapes can be effectively extended by delaying the maturity through the application of auxin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1638-1642
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of graded levels of vitamin $D_3$ in White Leghorn (WL) layer breeders on egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and juvenile performance of offspring during their late laying period (72-88 wk). White Leghorn breeder females were randomly divided into 5 groups of 50 each and were housed in individual California cages in an open-side housing system. Considering birds in five cages as a replicate, 10 such replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment. A basal diet was formulated containing all the nutrients as recommended for WL layers except vitamin $D_3$, which served as control. Another, four diets were formulated by supplementing graded levels of feed grade crystalline cholecalciferol to the basal diet that contained 300, 600, 1,200 and 2,400 ICU of vitamin $D_3$ per kg. Each diet was offered ad libitum to one of the above five treatment groups. The egg production, egg weight, daily feed consumption and the feed intake per dozen eggs or kg egg mass of the birds fed diet without any supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with those of supplemental groups. Similarly, the level of vitamin in the diet did not have any effect on any of the above parameters. However, the specific gravity of eggs laid by the birds fed the diet without supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with either 600 or 2,400 ICU supplemental groups but significantly higher when compared to the 300 and 1,200 ICU groups. The egg -shell breaking strength was significantly lowered in the 600 ICU supplemental groups as compared to the strength of other dietary groups. The Haugh unit, egg shell weight, shell thickness, tibia breaking strength, bone ash and calcium content were not influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Serum Ca concentration was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ level in the diet. The serum Ca concentration of birds fed either control or the vitamin supplemented diet up to 1200 ICU/kg diet was comparable. However, increasing the concentration of vitamin $D_3$ to 2,400 ICU/kg diet significantly enhanced the concentration of Ca in the serum, which was significantly higher compared to other dietary groups. The serum concentration of P and protein, however, was not influenced by level of vitamin $D_3$ in the diet. Neither fertility nor hatchability was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Feeding a vitamin $D_3$ deficient diet or supplementation of vitamin to hens did not have any influence on their progeny chicks. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ may not be essential for optimum production, shell quality, hatchability, and juvenile performance of WL breeders during 72 to 88 weeks of age.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.784-789
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• 2014

This work aimed to investigate the changes in the nutrient contents and antioxidant activity of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. by ripening stage, growing condition, and blanching. The crude protein content of the young leaves (3.6~4.3%) was higher than that of the mature leaves (3.1~3.9%). Higher calcium contents were observed in the greenhouse-cultivated samples (225.9~259.2 mg/100 g) compared to the field-cultivated samples (178.5~199.5 mg/100 g). The vitamin C and folate contents (18.1~83.8 and 175.8~220.2 mg/100 g, respectively) of the field-cultivated samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the greenhouse-cultivated samples (13.1~57.7 and 133.0~148.8 mg/100 g, respectively). The growing condition and blanching were significant factors affecting the changes in the vitamin and polyphenol contents. The ${\beta}$ carotene contents of the blanched samples increased 2.6-fold compared to those of the raw samples. The total polyphenol contents (10.2~17.1 mg/g extract) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}=2.0{\sim}3.0mg/ml$) of the blanched samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the raw samples (1.8~4.3 and $IC_{50}=16.2{\sim}21.1mg/ml$, respectively).

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.102-109
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• 2011

In this study, in order to develop ultra rapid hardening mortar(URHM) for tunnel repairs using bottom ash of low recycle ratio and Admixture as Eco concept, watertightness and durability properties of URHM on temperature condition of construction field were performed. Test result, seepage quantity and water absorption coefficient regarding watertightness of URHM were as in the following : series II > series I. Seepage quantity for the standard condition were smaller than low temperatures. all specimens were satisfied below 20g as standards of seepage quantity on KS F 4042. Because of the decrease of unit cement content by to replacement of blast furnace slag, the neutrlization resistance for durability properties was reduced. The result of alkali resistance and acide resistance, compressive strengths for specimens soaked in calcium hydroxide solution of seriesI were lower than compressive strengths for specimens not soaked. On the other hand, the case of series II show that the deterioration of compressive strengths for specimens was not almost showed. Compressive strengths of specimens soaked were similar with specimens not soaked except series II-C in $5^{\circ}C$. Therefore, specimens using both blast furnace slag and bottom ash were good in alkali resistance and acide resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.363-368
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• 2013

The nutrients and antioxidative activities of fruits and leaves from Metasequoia glyptostroboides were investigated to provide basic data for the future development of functional foods. The nitrogen-free extract contents of fruit and leaves were 69.04% and 50.47%, respectively. Total phenolic content was higher in leaves (21.75 mg/GAE g) compared to the fruit (19.95 mg/GAE g). The mineral components of fruit and leaves mainly consisted of calcium (2,136.08 and 304.85 mg/100 g, respectively), potassium (1,355.53 and 1,144.04 mg/100 g, respectively), and phosphorous (426.30 and 350.50 mg/100 g, respectively). In terms of amino acid composition, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, and leucine were relatively high, but methionine and cystine were low. The hot water extract from leaves was a more potent free radical-scavenger and had higher reducing activities than extracts from fruit. Thus, phenolics of M. glyptostroboides leaves can be utilized as an effective functional food substance for its natural antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Coal combustion bottom ash(BA) has high carbon and calcium content, and alkaline pH, which might improve nutrient cycling in soil related to microbial enzyme activities as it is used as soil amendment. However, it contains heavy metals such as copper(Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc(Zn), which could cause heavy metals accumulation in soil. Compost might play a role that stabilize BA. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of combined application of BA and compost as soil amendment on heavy metals concentration, enzyme activities, chemical properties, and crop yield in upland soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: BA was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha under different rate of compost application (0 and 30 Mg/ha) in radish (Raphanus sativus var) field. Combined application of BA and compost more improved chemical properties such as pH, EC, OM, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and exchangeable cations of soil than single application of BA. Water soluble Mn and Zn concentration in soil significantly decreased with increasing application rate of BA. Decrease in those metals concentration was accelerated with combined application of BA and compost. Urease and dehydrogenase activities significantly increased with increasing application rate of BA. Phosphotase activities were not affected with single application of BA but increased with combined application of BA and compost. Radish yield was not affected by application rate of BA. CONCLUSION: From the above results, combined application of BA and compost could be used as soil amendment to improve chemical properties and enzyme activities of soil without increase in heavy metal concentration and decrease in crop yield in upland soil.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 1982

Since 1962, varietal development and dissemination for summer upland crops have been actively initiated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development, Suweon, Korea. The major breeding objectives of soybeans have been to develop varieties which are early maturing, disease resistant, and adaptable to late planting for after-barley cropping. Development of eleven new soybean varieties including Hwangkeumkong, Jangyeobkong, Danyeobkong, and Kwangkyo has greatly increased the soybean yield throughout country. For com, after development of Hwangok #2, a synthetic, in early 1960's, nine corn hybrids-single crosses, double-crosses, and three-way crosses-such as Jecheon-ok, Hoengseong-ok, Kwangok, Suweon #19, etc., have been disseminated mainly to Kangweon province, a major corn producing area in Korea, and drew up the yield over 4 tons per hectare. The major breeding objectives of sweet potato have been to develop varieties which have high starch content and root yield. Hwangmi, Hongmi, and Shinmi are three sweet potato varieties developed and disseminated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development and are grown most widely in Korea. Most of researches on cultural practices of upland crops have begun on a full scale from early 1960's. In soybeans, for example, no fertilizer but for barley was applied although the effects of phosphate and potassium fertilizers were great on soybeans in after-barley soybean croppings. The effects of heavy application of phosphate and calcium fertilizers on soybeans in newly reclaimed soils were recognized. Recently a mixed fertilizer for soybean (N; 40, P:70, K:60 kg/㏊) was developed and sold for soybean growers. The optimum planting densities of 220, 000 plants/ha in full-season cropping and 330, 000 pts/ha in after-barley cropping of soybeans were known from repeated experiments. For higher yield, a means of cultural practices such as transplanting-pinching, direct planting-pinching, and hilling-up, etc., were developed along with barley-stubble planting with no tillage and integrated herbicide application for labour savings. For sweet potato, cultural practices for planting date, harvesting date, fertilizer, and planting density were fully established. For early marketing, a technique of vinyl-mulching on sweet potato has also fully developed. For com, planting density of 37, 000 pts/ha in early 1960's has been changed to 55, 000 pts/ha for grain production and 67, 000 pts/ha for silage. The amounts of fertilizers have also been changed from 120-120-120kg/ha (N-P-K) in early 1960s to 180-150-150 kg/ha. These increases in number of plants per unit area and fertilizer levels have resulted in greater production for both grain and silage. At the same time, the production techniques of F1 seeds have also improved.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2013

To help reduce the 'breakfast-skip' rate of the high school students and improve such 'breakfast-skipping' practice this study devised a new covenience menu for school breakfast Program. Dictated by a dietitian the form of cooking was rendered within directly-cookable convenient food; The price of menu ranged from 1,500-2,000won taking into account the parents' survey ; the menu formation drew largely from the student food preference survey and their favorites. The composition of menu - the Korean dish and the western dish put together-were of two folds and was based on the two: main menu, subsidiary menu. While main menu used rice, the subsidiary one used fruits, salads, milk, and juices. Energy intake sufficiency standard was set at a level of between 1/4 and 1/3 of the relevent group(mid&high students, 15-18 yrs old)'s approximated energy need, drawn from the Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans(2010). 10 disparate, divised menus were tested deliberately- cooked at a site, thereafter qualifed and supplemented to meet the targeted energy amount. The nuturitional facts of each menu set were measured through the usage of CAN-PRO 3.0, Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program, for professionals. Completed menu set were then given in photograph. The results of this study were as follows : The results of this study were as follows : the newly developed menu's calories and nuturitional content were as follows in the ratio of Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans(2010) : Calories 95.7%(4.3% below the targeted intake standard), Protein(131.1%), Calcium(130.2%) the both of which marked higher than the recommended daily intake, iron(71.0%), Potassium(93.1%) both of which figure lower than the recommended daily intake. The cost of ingredients per each person was 1,335won, which was lower than the targeted cost(1500won). When calculated, hypothetically provided breakfast's labor hour needed per 1 meal is shown to be average 1.2 minute. In conslusion : Convenience style school breakfast program would bring an increse in the intake of high school students' breakfast, which may contribute not only to the sound physical growth but to academic performance. Various developments of the school breakfast program is much needed continually.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1997

In order to develop a new type of natural seasoning material combining fish meat with seaweed, a processing method of the mixture of enzyme treated mackerel meat and Laminaria powder was studied. Mackerel meat previously boiled and deboned was treated with proteolytic enzyme to enhance taste of meat by proper hydrolysis. The enzyme-treated meat was dried at $100{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs, and finally mixed with kelp power, moistened in advance, plus binding agents (0.02% calcium carbonate) to aid the formation of pellets by extrusion. Boiled mackerel meat of enzyme treated (0.03% Protease-A) at $50^{\circ}C$ for 90 min was adequate to result an increase in 6 times of total free amino acid content and about 10% increase of taste-enhancing amino acids such as glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, lysine.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.773-786
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• 2016

Grape cultivar "Campbell Early" account for 70% of table grape in Korea and Leaf Spot Disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis is one of a major disease in greenhouse and field grown area during late summer season in both of organic and conventional grape farm. Leaf spot disease can cause lowing of sugar content in fruit and vine growth and very difficult to control especially in organic field. Photosynthesis ability and chemical components are compared between leaf spot disease infected leaves with degree of necrotic area. With increase of disease necrotic area, $CO_2$ differential value, water use efficiency and $CO_2$ assimilation and respiration ratio are decreased proportionally and on the other hand, stomatal conductance value is not affected by disease necrotic area. Chlorophyll contents are also decreased by 50% in heavily infected leaves and imply decrease of chlorophyll contents is a major source of photosynthesis ability decline. With increase of disease necrotic area in leaves, total nitrogen and phosphate contents are decreased and on the other side, total carbon, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents are increased. From this research, we can infer that not only chemical control program is important in control of leaf spot disease but also fertilizing program is significant especially in organic agronomical control of fungal disease in grape cultivar "Campbell Early".