• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.51-58
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• 2002

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.87-95
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• 1995

The concentrations of cadmium, metallothionein(MT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were investigated in liver and kidney of rats which were fed the water containing 100 ppm cadmium chloride with basal diet and 5% Agaricus bisporus diet during 16 weeks. Cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney increased during 16 weeks, and there were significantly higher accumulation of cadmium in the kidney than in the liver. The concentrations of MTs in liver and kidney decreased linearly during 16 weeks, but there was no significant difference between control and experimental group. MT concentrations of liver were significantly higher than those of kidney. The superoxide dismutase activities and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by the diet, but there was a significant difference by the duration of administration. These data indicate that the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that Cd-induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, induction of MT occurs in both the liver and the kidney after administration of $CdCl_2$. However, the kidney is less responsive than the liver to the induction of MT by cadmium, which may contribute to making the kidney the target organ of toxicity during chronic Cd exposure.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.235-239
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the metallothionein (MT) induction by Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in cadmium chloride intoxication. The results were as follows: Generally, detoxicatlon effects by Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer extract increased proportionally to the increase of cadmium concentrations. When a 8 mg/g dosage of cadmium was administered, formation of the cadmium and EDTA complex showed the highest antitoxic effect. Also, when a 4 mg/g dosage of cadmium was administered, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer extract showed the highest antitoxic effect in metallothionein induction. According to the above results, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer extract administered with cadmium increased metallothionein concentration and decreased the toxicity of cadmium in liver.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.223-227
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the metallothionein (MT) induction by Lonicerae rios in cadmium chloride intoxication. The results were as follows: Generally, detoxication effects by Lonicerae fios extract increased to the increase of extract concentrations. When 90 mg/kg dosage of Lonicerae fios extract was administered, it showed the highest antitoxic effects in metallothionein induction. From the above results, Lonicerae rios extract increased metallothionein concentration and decreased the toxicity of cadmium in liver.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 1981

Heavy metals which are present as trace elements in human body have been known to modify various enzymatic reaction. These metals can be essential or non-essential. Zinc, copper and calcium are essential in maintaining some biological processes, whereas non-essential metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury produce accumulatve toxic effect. Cadmium accumulated in pancreas can cause toxicity and damage of pancreatic cells, thereby influencing CHO metabolism. Lead compounds are known to produce toxic effects on the kidney, digestive system and brain fellowed by inhibition of activity of ${\rho}-aminolevulinic$ acid and biosynthesis of hemoproteins and cytochrome. Evidence has been accumulated that zinc not only acts as a cofactor in enzyme reaction but also prevents toxic effect induced by heavy metal such as copper and cadmium. To demonstrate the effect of heavy metals on pancreatic secretion, part of uncinate pancreas was taken and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with heavy metals used. Additional treatment with CCK-OP was performed when needed. After incubation during different period of time, medium was analyzed for amylase activity using Bernfeld's method. The present study was attempted in order to elucidate the effect of several kinds of heavy metal on exocrine pancreatic secretion in vitro. The results obtained are as follows: 1) CCK-OP stimulated significantly amylase release from pancreatic fragments in vitro. 2) CCK-OP response of amylase release from pancreatic fragments was inhibited by treatmant with cadmium, especially high doses of cadmium. 3) CCK-OP response of amylase release from pancreatic fragments was inhibited when pretreated with $10^{-4}M$ copper chloride. 4) Lead chloride at the concentration of $10^{-3}M\;and\;10^{4}M$ stimulated the basal amylase release in vitro but CCK-OP response did not augment by lead chloride. 5) Zine chloride did not affect amylase release from pancreatic fragment in vitro. From the results mentioned above, it is suggested that CCK-OP response was inhibited it the amylase release from pancreatic fragments pretreated with cadmium and copper chloride.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2005

Many of thyroid hormones disrupting chemicals induce effects via interaction with thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors and responsive elements intrinsic in target cells. We studied thyroid hormones disrupting effects of food additives and contaminants including BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, CPM, aflatoxin B1, cadmium chloride, genistein, TCDD, PCBs and TDBE in recombinant HeLa cells containing plasmid construct for thyroxin responsive elements. The limit of response of the recombinant cells to T3 and T4 was $1\times10^{-12}\;M$. BHA. genistein, cadmium and TBDE were interacted with thyroid receptors with dose-responsive pattern. In addition, BHA, BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and TBDE showed synergism while cadmium chloride antagonism for T3-induced activity. This study elucidates that recombinant HeLa cell is sensitive and high-throughput system for the detection of chemicals that induce thyroid hormonal disruption via thyroid hormone receptors and responsive elements. Also this study raised suspect of BHA. BHT, ethoxyquin, propionic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, TBDE, genisteine and cadmium chloride as thyroid hormonal system disruptors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.4 s.32
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• pp.371-390
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• 1990

Production of free radicals of superoxide anion in tissues by cadmium, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase to protect tissue damages caused by the free radicals and ATPase that plays an important role in energy metabolism at cellular level were investigated. Experiments in vivo were conducted with liver, kidney and testicle tissue homogenates of rats adding $0.05{\sim}0.50mM$ cadmium chloride, and in vivo experiments administering single dose of 5 mg of cadmium/kg of body weight in 0.1% cadmium chloride solution intraperitoneally 48 hours prior to evisceration. Production of superoxide radicals in liver and testicle increased with addition of cadmium in vitro, but not in kidney. In vivo experiments, however, superoxide radicals slightly increased in liver and kidney but not in testicle. Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD), catalase and ATPase (total, $Mg^{++}-\;&\;Na^+,\;K^+-$) activity decreased in the presence of cadimium in dose dependent manner. Reduction of these enzyme activities varied not only with dosage of cadmium but also with type of tissue and between in vitro and in vivo experiment.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.88-97
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the antitoxic effects of Pine Leaf extracts against cadmium toxicity. The experimental rats were divided into 5 groups, such as control group cadmium alone treatment group and simultaneous treatment groups of cadmium and three doses of Pine Leaf extracts. Each group was administered with different dose of Pine Leaf extracts such as 0.5 mg, 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg/kg wet weight in pallets for 12 weeks. Cadmium Chloride($CdCl_2$) was administered by 4 mg/kg body weight. The results were summarized as follows: The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Pine Leaf significantly more decreased cadmium concentration in liver tissues compared to the administration of cadmium only. When blood were measured, no significantly difference in haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte values compared to the administration of cadmium only, but RBC significantly more increased. The simultaneous administration of cadmium and Pine Leaf more no sigmificantly difference metallothionein concentration in liver than the administration of cadmium only. There were showed the histopathological slight changes in the liver and kidney tissues of rats.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.3 s.35
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• pp.287-304
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• 1991

Tolerance to several toxic effects of cadmium, including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium and zinc. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicityandrenaltoxicity. Three groups of rats (A, B, C), each consisting of 16 rats, were studied and each group was divided into four subgroups (1, 2, 3, 4), 4 rats for each subgroup. Rats were subcutaneously pretreated with saline (A), $CdCl_2$ (0.5 mg/kg, B), and $ZnCl_2$ (13.0 mg/kg, C) during time periods of $1{\sim}6$ weeks. At the end of the period, rats were challenged with $CdCl_2$ (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 mg/kg, ip). After giving the challenge dose, cadmium and metallothionein (MT) concentrations were determined and also observed the histologic change in liver and kidney. The concentration of cadmium in liver and kidney increased dose-dependently to the challenge dosage. These da indicate the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that cadmium induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to long-term exposure to cadmium. In addition, histologic examination of group $A_2,\;A_3\;and\;A_4$ revealed moderate to severe cadmium toxicity, evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells, cell swelling, pyknosis, enlarged sinusoids and necrosis in liver, and tubule cell necrosis and degeneration in kidney. However, MT concentrations in liver and kidney were increased by the pretreatment of $CdCl_2$ and $ZnCl_2$, and their morphological findings were not significantly changed, comparing with control group. Higher MT concentration in liver and kidney observed in the pretreated groups constitutes a plausible explanation of the protective effects of pretreatment against the cadmium toxicity after challenge dosing.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.464-471
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• 2002

Author applied several engineering methodologies to classical ultrasonic nebulizer to cope with it's demerits. After several trials and errors, we got the several meaningful results. To evaluate the modified ultrasonic nebulizer for inhalation toxicology of cadmium, author used light-scattering photometer. This paper is the one part of inhalation exposure systems for inhalation toxicology study of cadmium. According to the testing conditions, source temperature 50℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 150℃, aerosol generation results for sodium chloride and cadmium chloride were as followings: Coefficients of variation(CV) of sodium chloride and cadmium chloride for repeated trials were 3.38 and 4.77 for 10g, 2.47 and 5.02 for 5g, and 4.70 and 2.98 for 2.5g. All the CVs were within 10% of acceptance variability. Count Per Minute(CPM) changes of NaCl and CdCl₂ for 5 repeated trials were similar. CPM ratios of CdCl₂/NaCl were 1.13 for 10g, 0.76 for 5g, and 1.06 for 2.5g. Relative aerosol generation of cadmium chloride to sodium chloride was the highest in 10g. Efficiency increases of 24.50% for 5g NaCl, 14.91 % for 2.5g NaCl, and 16.48% for 2.5g CdCl₂ with respect to theoretical efficiency were observed but 0.04% efficiency decrease was observed in 5g CdC₂. According to the modifications of source temperature(20, 50, 70℃) and inlet-duct band temperature(20, 50, 100, 150, 200℃), aerosol generation results for NaCl and CdCl₂ were as followings: CPM trends for each quantity excepting 10g NaCl in inlet-duct band temperature 200℃ were similar, and the highest CPM was observed in source temperature 70℃ to each inlet-duct band temperature. The highest CPMs to 10, 5, and 2.5g NaCl were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃. Aerosol generation of cadmium chloride was increased with the higher source temperature, excepting inlet-duct band temperature 200℃. The highest CPMs for 10, 5, and 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃, and this trend was similar to NaCl aerosol generation The highest CPMs for 10, 5, and 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed in source temperature 70℃ and inlet-duct band temperature 20℃, and this result was similar to NaCl aerosol generation. Observed efficiencies of 5 and 2.5g NaCl were similar to ifs theoretical efficiency but -3.08% efficiency decrease of 5g CdCl₂, 17.47% efficiency increase of 2.5g CdCl₂ were observed. CPM ratio of CdCl₂/NaCl of 10g was different to 5 and 2.5g, and 2.5g ratio was higher than 5g ratio. In conclusion, to get maximum aerosol generation for NaCl and CdCl₂ will be the conditions that set the appropriate inlet-duct band temperature for each materials and increase the source temperature. Sodium chloride can be used to evaluate the performance and predict the concentration for cadmium aerosol in aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system.