• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2017

목 적: 방사선치료에서 CT number에 의해 나타나는 조직의 묘사 및 전자밀도는 CT(Computed Tomography)기반의 전산화치료계획 정확성을 보장하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 하지만 체내의 금속 이식물은 CT number의 정확성을 감소시킬 뿐 아니라 조직 묘사에 대한 불확실성을 나타내기 때문에 임상에서는 metal artifact를 감소시킬 수 있는 알고리즘이 개발되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 본원에서 사용하고 있는 GE사의 SMART MAR의 CT number 정확도를 평가하고 방사선치료에서의 유용성에 대해 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 영상평가를 위해 CIRS ED phantom을 이용하여 6개 조직의 rod를 삽입하여 동일한 체적의 ROI를 형성 후 original 영상을 획득하고 의료용 티타늄 rod를 삽입하여 non-SMART MAR 영상과 SMART MAR영상을 획득하여 CT number와 SD값을 비교하였다. Metal artifact로 인해 CT number 변화에 따른 선량변화 확인을 위해 전산화계획시스템 Epclipse를 사용하여 CIRS ED phantom CT 영상에 PTV를 형성하여 original 영상을 획득하고 편측 티타늄 삽입, 양측 티타늄 삽입 영상을 획득하여 non-SMART MAR와 SMART MAR영상에 동일한 치료계획을 수립하여 PTV가 받는 평균처방선량, HI(Homogeneity Index), CI(Conformity Index)를 비교, 분석하였다. 흡수선량 측정은 원통형 아크릴 팬텀과 0.125 cc ionchamber, electrometer를 이용하여 선량변환상수(cCy/nC)를 계산하고 CIRS phantom을 이용하여 편측, 양측 티타늄 rod를 삽입한 영상으로 non-SMART MAR와 SMART MAR 영상을 획득하여 동일한 지점에서의 흡수선량을 측정하여 전산화치료계획상의 point dose와 비교하였다. 결 과: 영상평가 결과 CT number는 non-SMART MAR영상보다 SMART MAR 영상이 original영상에 더 유사한 값이 나왔고 SD값은 SMART MAR영상에서 더 감소되었다. 선량평가 결과 평균처방선량과 HI 및 CI 값은 SMART MAR 영상보다 non-SMART MAR 영상이 original 영상에 더 근접한 결과가 나왔지만 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 흡수선량 측정결과 치료계획상의 point dose와 실제 흡수선량과의 차이가 non-SMART MAR의 영상에서는 각각 2.69, 3.63 %의 차이가 있었지만 SMART MAR영상에서는 0.56, 0.68 %로 감소하였다. 결 론: 금속 이식물을 삽입한 환자의 CT 영상에 SMART MAR를 적용했을 때 CT number 정확성 상승 및 SD 감소로 영상의 질이 향상되므로 종양과 정상조직의 윤곽도 생성 및 선량계산 시 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2015

To improve accuracy of dose calculation on kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography (kV CBCT) images, a custom-made phantom was fabricated to acquire an accurate CT number to electron density curve by full scatter of cone beam x-ray. To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy, 9 volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for head and neck (HN) cancer and 9 VMAT plans for lung cancer were generated with an anthropomorphic phantom. Both CT and CBCT images of the anthropomorphic phantom were acquired and dose-volumetric parameters on the CT images with CT density curve (CTCT), CBCT images with CT density curve ($CBCT_{CT}$) and CBCT images with CBCT density curve ($CBCT_{CBCT}$) were calculated for each VMAT plan. The differences between $CT_{CT}$ vs. $CBCT_{CT}$ were similar to those between $CT_{CT}$ vs. $CBCT_{CBCT}$ for HN VMAT plans. However, the differences between $CT_{CT}$ vs. $CBCT_{CT}$ were larger than those between $CT_{CT}$ vs. $CBCT_{CBCT}$ for lung VMAT plans. Especially, the differences in $D_{98%}$ and $D_{95%}$ of lung target volume were statistically significant (4.7% vs. 0.8% with p = 0.033 for $D_{98%}$ and 4.8% vs. 0.5% with p = 0.030 for $D_{95%}$). In order to calculate dose distributions accurately on the CBCT images, CBCT density curve generated with full scatter condition should be used especially for dose calculations in the region of large inhomogeneity.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2009

PET/CT는 생체내에 양전자를 방출하는 방사성동위원소로 표지된 방사성의약품을 투여한 후 체내의 기능이나 대사능을 영상화하는 장비이다. 국내의료기관에 설치된 PET/CT가 최근에 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이에 따른 종양진단과 치료에 활용하기 위한 PET/CT 검사건수도 매년 증가함으로써 PET/CT 성능평가와 정도관리 방법의 개발의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 NU 2-2007에서 제시하는 PET/CT의 성능평가와 정도관리 검사항목인 공간분해능, 민감도, 산란분획, 계수손실, 우연계수측정, 계수손실과 우연동시계수 보정의 정확성, 감쇠 및 산란보정의 정확성 측정에 대하여 살펴보았다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1017-1023
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to improve the accuracy of effective atomic number (EAN) and relative electron density (RED) using a polynomial-based calibration method using dual-energy CT images. A phantom composed of 11 tissue-equivalent materials was acquired with dual-energy CT to obtain low- and high-energy images. Using the acquired dual-energy images, the ratio of attenuation of low- and high-energy images for EAN was calibrated based on Stoichiometric, Quadratic, Cubic, Quartic polynomials. EAN and RED were extracted using each calibration method. As a result of the experiment, the average error of EAN using Cubic polynomial-based calibration was minimum. Even in the RED image extracted using EAN, the error of the Cubic polynomial-based RED was minimum. Cubic polynomial-based calibration contributes to improving the accuracy of EAN and RED, and would like to contribute to accurate diagnosis of lesions in CT examinations or quantification of various materials in the human body.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

목 적: 전산화단층촬영 모의치료기의 일일 정도 관리를 편리하고 신속하게 시행 할 수 있는 팬텀을 제작하여 유용성을 평가한다. 대상 및 방법: 폴리스타일렌 팬텀($250{\times}250{\times}100\;mm$)에 영상에서의 측정치와 실측정치의 정확성 확인을 위하여 홈($1{\times}100{\times}1\;mm$)을 만들었으며 테이블 이동의 정확성 평가를 위하여 중심부에서 위와 아래쪽 100 mm 지점에 직경 1 mm 크기의 홈을 만들어 방사선 비 투과 물질을 삽입하였다. 레이저의 정확성 평가를 위하여 팬텀 좌, 우측 수직선상에 십자 표시를 하였고 CT Number의 정확성 평가를 위하여 직경 25 mm, 깊이 50 mm의 원기둥 3개를 만들어 뼈 등가물질, 물, 공기를 삽입하였다. 제작한 팬텀을 전산화단층촬영 모의치료기(Brilliance BigBore, Philips, Netherlands)를 사용하여 촬영한 후(촬영조건 120 KVp, 100 mAs, 단면 두께 1 mm 연속촬영) 영상을 이용하여 측정치와 실측정치의 정확성, 테이블 이동, 레이저, CT Number의 정확성을 평가 하였다. 결 과: 제작한 팬텀을 이용하여 2008년 1월 7일부터 3월 7일까지 약 2개월 동안 본원에 설치되어 있는 전산화단층촬영 모의 치료기의 일일 정도관리에 사용해 본 결과 영상에서의 측정치와 실측정치의 정확성은 ${\pm}0.3\;mm$, 테이블 이동의 정확성은 ${\pm}0.3\;mm$, 레이저 정확성은 ${\pm}0.5\;mm$로 기준치인 ${\pm}1\;mm$ 오차범위 이내로 측정 되었으며 CT Number의 정확성 평가에서 뼈 등가 물질은 ${\pm}8\;HU$, 공기는 ${\pm}5\;$, 물은 ${\pm}5\;HU$로 기준치인 ${\pm}10\;HU$ 오차범위 이내로 측정되었다. 결 론: 본원에서 제작한 팬텀의 이용으로 신속하고 간편하게 레이저 장치의 정확성과 전산화단층촬영 모의치료기의 성능평가를 동시에 시행 할 수 있었으며 기존에 실시하던 일일 정도관리 항목에 영상을 이용한 평가 항목을 추가 보완함으로서 보다 정확한 치료 계획 과정을 수립 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.1342-1349
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• 2023

The planning accuracy of charged particle therapy (CPT) is subject to the accuracy of stopping power (SP) estimation. In this study, we propose a method of deriving a pseudo-triple-energy CT (pTECT) that can be achievable in the existing dual-energy CT (DECT) systems for better SP estimation. In order to remove the direct effect of errors in CT values, relative CT values according to three scanning voltage settings were used. CT values of each tissue substitute phantom were measured to show the non-linearity of the values thereby suggesting the absolute difference and ratio of CT values as parameters for SP estimation. Electron density, effective atomic number (EAN), mean excitation energy and SP were calculated based on these parameters. Two of conventional methods were implemented and compared to the proposed pTECT method in terms of residuals, absolute error and root-mean-square-error (RMSE). The proposed method outperformed the comparison methods in every evaluation metrics. Especially, the estimation error for EAN and mean excitation using pTECT were converging to zero. In this proof-of-concept study, we showed the feasibility of using three CT values for accurate SP estimation. Our suggested pTECT method indicates potential clinical utility of spectral CT imaging for CPT planning.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2021

As the number of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) patients increases in a global pandemic situation, the usefulness of mobile computed tomography (CT) is gaining attention. Currently, mobile CT follows the basic safety and essential performance evaluation criteria of whole-body or limited-view X-ray CT in order to obtain device approval and evaluation in the Republic of Korea. Unlike stationary CT, mobile CT is not operated in shielded areas but rather areas such as intensive care units, operating rooms, or isolation rooms. Therefore, it requires a different basic safety and essential performance evaluation standard than stationary CT. In this study, four derived basic safety evaluation criteria related to electrical, mechanical, and radiation safety were included (dose indication test, protection against stray radiation, safety measures against excessive X-rays, half-value layer measurement); and seven essential performance evaluation criteria were included (tube voltage accuracy, mAs accuracy, radiation dose reproducibility, CT number of water, noise, uniformity, and spatial resolution); total eleven basic safety and essential performance evaluation criteria were selected. This study aims to establish appropriate basic safety and essential performance evaluation criteria for simultaneously obtaining images with diagnostic value and reducing the exposure of nearby patients, medical staff, and radiologic technologists during the use of mobile CT.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.120-124
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 영상 기반 방사선 치료기기의 영상 QA를 위한 필요한 추가적인 요소를 포함시킨 QA 팬텀 시제품을 개발하였다. 개발된 팬텀은 크게 영상 질 평가 부분과 정합 정확도 평가 부분의 두 가지로 이루어져 있다. 영상 질 평가를 위해 CT number 선형성과 공간 해상도 평가가 가능하게 설계되었고, 정합 정확도 평가를 위하여 간단한 이동 및 회전조절이 가능하게 설계되었다. 제작된 팬텀의 영상은 일반 CT와 Tomotherapy의 MVCT에서 획득되었고, 두 영상 모두 해상도 평가 기준을 충족하였다. 이 팬텀은 일간 영상 QA를 위한 간단하고, 효율적이며, 그리고 영상 정합 평가의 새로운 개념을 제시했다는 데에 큰 의의가 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2019

This study examined the clinical use of two newly installed computed tomography (CT) simulators in the Department of Radiation Oncology. The accreditation procedure was performed by the Korean Institute for Accreditation of Medical Imaging. An Xi R/F dosimeter was used to measure the CT dose index for each plug of the CT dose index phantom. Image qualities such as the Hounsfield unit (HU) value of water, noise level, homogeneity, existence of artifacts, spatial resolution, contrast, and slice thickness were evaluated by scanning a CT performance phantom. All test items were evaluated as to whether they were within the required tolerance level. CT calibration curves-the relationship between CT number and relative electron density-were obtained for dose calculations in the treatment planning system. The positional accuracy of the lasers was also evaluated. The volume CT dose indices for the head phantom were 22.26 mGy and 23.70 mGy, and those for body phantom were 12.30 mGy and 12.99 mGy for the first and second CT simulators, respectively. HU accuracy, noise, and homogeneity for the first CT simulator were -0.2 HU, 4.9 HU, and 0.69 HU, respectively, while those for second CT simulator were 1.9 HU, 4.9 HU, and 0.70 HU, respectively. Five air-filled holes with a diameter of 1.00 mm were used for assessment of spatial resolution and a low contrast object with a diameter of 6.4 mm was clearly discernible by both CT scanners. Both CT simulators exhibited comparable performance and are acceptable for clinical use.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of collimator width on effective atomic number (EAN), relative electron density (RED), and stopping power ratio (SPR) measured by dual-layer dual-energy computed tomography (DL-DECT). Methods: CIRS electron density calibration phantoms with two different arrangements of material plugs were scanned by DL-DECT with two different collimator widths. The first phantom included two dense bone plugs, while the second excluded dense bone plugs. The collimator widths selected were 64 mm×0.625 mm for wider collimators and 16 mm×0.625 mm for narrow collimators. The scanning parameters were 120 kVp, 0.33 second gantry rotation, 3 mm slice thickness, B reconstruction filter, and spectral level 4. An image analysis portal system provided by a computed tomography (CT) manufacturer was used to derive the EAN and RED of the phantoms from the combination of low energy and high energy CT images. The EAN and RED were compared between the images scanned using the two different collimation widths. Results: The CT images with the wider collimation width generated more severe artifacts, particularly with high-density material (i.e., dense bone). RED and EAN for tissues (excluding lung and bones) with the wider collimation width showed significant relative differences compared to the theoretical value (4.5% for RED and 20.6% for EAN), while those with the narrow collimation width were closer to the theoretical value of each material (2.2% for EAN and 2.3% for RED). Scanning with narrow collimation width increased the accuracy of SPR estimation even with high-density bone plugs in the phantom. Conclusions: The effect of CT collimation width on EAN, RED, and SPR measured by DL-DECT was evaluated. In order to improve the accuracy of the measured EAN, RED, and SPR by DL-DECT, CT scanning should be performed using narrow collimation widths.