• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1017-1021
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• 2013

The cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L) gene has been demonstrated to regulate multiple cellular mechanisms including the mitotic spindle check point as well as proliferation and apoptosis. However, the importance of CSE1L in human colon cancer is largely unknown. In the present study, we examined expression levels of CSE1L mRNA by semiquantitative RT-PCR. A lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down CSE1L expression in the human colon cancer cell line RKO. Changes in CSE1L target gene expression were determined by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was examined by a high content screening assay. In vitro tumorigenesis was measured by colony-formation assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometric analysis. We found CSE1L mRNA to be expressed in human colon cancer cells. Using a lentivirus based RNAi approach, CSE1L expression was significantly inhibited in RKO cells, causing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M and S phases and a delay in cell proliferation, as well as induction of apoptosis and an inhibition of colony growth capacity. Collectively, the results suggest that silencing of CSE1L may be a potential therapeutic approach for colon cancer.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2017

Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) is a key enzyme in lignin synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine the role of CSE in lignification of the endocarp in peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit, we cloned and characterized the P. persica CSE homolog, which we designated PpCSE. The 954 - bp PpCSE gene encoded a 317 - amino acid polypeptide. PpCSE expression patterns in the mesocarp and endocarp changed during peach fruit development. There was no significant difference between the expression levels of PpCSE in the mesocarp and endocarp at 39 and 44 days after full bloom (DAFB), but the expression level of PpCSE in the endocarp at 50 and 55 DAFB was 80.73 and 72.75 times higher, respectively, than that in the mesocarp. During peach fruit development, PpCSE expression in the endocarp increased rapidly; the relative PpCSE expression level at 50 DAFB was 122.70 times higher than that at 39 DAFB. At the protein level, CSE was detected in the peach fruit endocarp at 50 and 55 DAFB. Our study suggests that PpCSE expression during peach fruit development is closely related to the degree of endocarp lignification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1672-1678
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and antiproliferation activity of the citron seed. The citron seed were separated to hull and embryo, and extracted with n-hexane and 70% ethanol. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was higher than that of n-hexane extract. IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract of hull (CSE1) and embryo (CSE2) were 3.18 and 8.43 mg/mL, and those of total antioxidant activity were 19.96 and 11.28 mg AA eq/g, respectively. ACE inhibitory activity and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity on CSE1 showed the highest values of 31.61 and 45.17%, respectively. Antiproliferation effects on the MCF7, HepG2, H460, HCT-116, and PC3 cell line showed the highest values of 14.09, 19.12, 12.29, 9.78, and 9.12% in extract concentration of 5 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggested that citron seed can be used for development of functional food material which have biological activities.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.457-469
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• 2017

Obesity is one of the most serious health problem because it induced numerous metabolic syndrome and increases the incidence of various disease, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, increases in reactive oxygens species (ROS) occur with lipid accumulation. NADPH oxidase, producing superoxide anion, may contribute to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Chaenomeles sinensis koehne extract (CSE) against the development of obesity and the inhibition mechanisms in 3T3-L1 preadiocytes. CSE decreased triglyceride content and inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$, CCAT/enhancer binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1). In addition, CSE highly increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. CSE remarkably reduced intracellular ROS increase and NAD(P)H oxidase activity, NOX1, NOX4, Rac1 protein expression, and phosphorylation of p47phox and p67phox We also studied the effect of CSE on weight gain induced by high-fat diet. The oral treatment of CSE (500 mg/kg, body weight) in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice showed decrease in triglyceride and adipocyte size. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of CSE on anti-obese effects, adipocyte differentiation and reducing triglyceride contents as well as adipocyte size in obese mice, may be associated with inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase-induced ROS production and adipose transcription factors. These results showed the potential to inhibit the obesity by CSE treatment through controlling the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in vitro and in vivo obese model.

• Molecular Medicine Reports
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1809-1816
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• 2019

The extract of Sappan Lignum, the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L., has been used in medicine to improve blood circulation. Recently, the application of microwave extraction methods has been a major focus of research into the extraction of components from natural sources. In this experiment, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects of Sappan Lignum prepared by heat-70% EtOH extraction (CSE-H-70E) and microwave-70% EtOH extraction (CSE-MW-70E). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was used to identify the compounds in these extracts. The heat-70% EtOH and microwave-70% EtOH extracts of Sappan Lignum had different chromatograms. CSE-MW-70E significantly inhibited the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α, and reduced NO and IL-1β production in macrophages exposed to LPS, whereas, only high concentrations of CSE-H-70E (20 ㎍/ml) resulted in any effects. Furthermore, CSE-MW-70E upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. In addition, the use of tin protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of HO-1, confirmed the inhibitory effects of CSE-MW-70E on pro-inflammatory mediators. These results suggested that the CSE-MW-70E-mediated upregulation of HO-1 played an important role in the anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages. Therefore, these findings showed that microwave extraction can be utilized to improve the extraction efficiency and biological activity of Sappan Lignum.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2010

We prepared sikhe (CSE/BR-SH) using corn silk extract and black rice. The pH decreased during saccharification, from pH $5.88{\pm}0.03$ to pH $5.67{\pm}0.02$ after 6 h. However, the brix and reducing sugar contents increased during saccharification of CSE/BR-SH, with the highest levels ($7.6{\pm}0.05$ brix and $4.012{\pm}0.05$ g/l, respectively) being attained at 6 h. Amylase activity increased to 116.12% of control values 1 h after saccharification of CSE/BR-SH, and decreased thereafter. CSE/BR-SH was light purple in color. Soluble phenolic concentration increased markedly from an initial 8.43 g/l to 23.09 g/l at the end of saccharification (6 h), as did DPPH radical-scavenging activity (from an initial 17.3% to 70.98%), Increases were noted in all of ABTS radical-scavenging activity (from 40.25% to 75.32%), reducing power (from 0.241 to 0.682), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (from 0.288 to 1.071).

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.94-103
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• 2021

Here, we evaluated the anti-glycation effects and renal protective properties of 70% (v/v) ethanolic extract of Colpomenia sinuosa (CSE) against AGEs -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis at different concentrations (1, 5, and 20 ㎍/mL). At 20 ㎍/mL, CSE showed that anti-glycation activities via the inhibition of AGE formation (51.1%), inhibition of AGEs-protein cross-linking (61.7%), and breaking of AGEs-protein cross-links (33.3%), were significantly (###p < 0.001 vs. non-treated group) lower than the nontreated group. Methylglyoxal (MGO) significantly (***p < 0.001) reduced cell viability (24.4%) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (642.3%), MGO accumulation (119.4 ㎍/mL), and apoptosis (55.0%) in mesangial cells compared to the nontreated group. Pretreatment with CSE significantly (###p < 0.001) increased cell viability (57.8%) and decreased intracellular ROS (96.5%), MGO accumulation (80.0 ㎍/mL), and apoptosis (22.6%) at 20 ㎍/mL. Additionally, we confirmed intracellular AGEs reduction by CSE pretreatment. Consequently, our results suggest that CSE is a good source of natural therapeutics for managing diabetic complications by the antiglycation effect and renal protective activity against MGO-induced oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract from Chrysanthemum cornarium L. var. spatiosum(CSE) against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells, HIT-T15. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of CSE was examined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliu bromide(MTT) cell proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release assay, $NAD^+$/NADH ratio and insulin secretion. To further investigate whether CSE is involved in the antioxidant activity of alloxan-damaged HIT-T15 cells, its antioxidant effect against alloxan-induced oxidative stress was measured in HIT-T15 cells by determining the levels of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione S-transferase(GST), glutathione reductase(GR) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx). The results of this analysis showed that alloxan significantly decreased cell viability, increased LDH leakage, and lowered $NAD^+$/NADH ratio and insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells. However, CSE significantly increased the viability of alloxan-treated cells and lowered LDH leakage. The intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and insulin secretion were also significantly increased by 1.7-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, after treatment with 100 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ CSE. The HIT-T15 cells treated with alloxan showed significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, while CSE significantly elevated the levels of antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggest that CSE could have a protective effect against cytotoxicity and dysfunction of pancreatic cells in the presence of alloxan-induced oxidative stress.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.150-153
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• 2007

Hydrocarbons have been successfully used as a chemical marker in order to identify irradiated from non-irradiated foods. The method for determining hydrocarbons consists of extraction of fats, followed by separation of hydrocarbons by florisil column chromatography, and then identification of hydrocarbons by GC/MS. Currently, solvent extraction method for fats has certain limitations with regard to extraction time and solvent consumption. Commercial hams and sausage were irradiated at 0 and 5 kGy, and the efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and conventional solvent extraction (CSE) methods on the extraction of radiation-induced hydrocarbons from the meat products was compared. Significant levels of hydrocarbons, mainly composed of 1,7-hexadecadien, 1,7,10-hexadecatriene, and 6,9-heptadecadiene, were detected in the extracts from irradiated hams and sausages by both CSE and MAE methods. Both methods were acceptable in extracting hydrocarbons from samples, but MAE method required apparently reduced amounts of solvent from 150 (CSE) to 50 mL and reduced extraction time from 23 (CSE) to 5 min.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.239-249
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• 2021

The present study explored the therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in restoring aging-induced loss of cardioprotective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) along with the involvement of signaling pathways. The left hind limb was subjected to four short cycles of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in young and aged male rats to induce RIPC. The hearts were subjected to IR injury on the Langendorff apparatus after 24 h of RIPC. The measurement of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and cardiac troponin served to assess the myocardial injury. The levels of H2S, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) were also measured. There was a decrease in cardioprotection in RIPC-subjected old rats in comparison to young rats along with a reduction in the myocardial levels of H2S, CBS, CSE, HIF-1α, and nuclear: cytoplasmic Nrf2 ratio. Supplementation with sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS, an H2S donor) and l-cysteine (H2S precursor) restored the cardioprotective actions of RIPC in old hearts. It increased the levels of H2S, HIF-1α, and Nrf2 ratio without affecting CBS and CSE. YC-1 (HIF-1α antagonist) abolished the effects of NaHS and l-cysteine in RIPC-subjected old rats by decreasing the Nrf2 ratio and HIF-1α levels, without altering H2S. The late phase of cardioprotection of RIPC involves an increase in the activity of H2S biosynthetic enzymes, which increases the levels of H2S to upregulate HIF-1α and Nrf2. H2S has the potential to restore aging-induced loss of cardioprotective effects of RIPC by upregulating HIF-1α/Nrf2 signaling.