• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 1998

A series of conventional tests and CRS consolidation tests with different rates of strain were performed to investigate the consolidation characteristics of marine clay. Preconsolidation pressures were evaluated by applying previously proposed methods for both the conventional tests and CRS tests results in order to check the legitimacy of those methods. The effects of strain rate on effective consolidation stress strain relationship, porewater pressure, and preconsolidation pressure were also discussed It was found that the effective stress strain relationship and the preconsolidation pressure are a function of strain rate imposed during consolidation test, but compression index isn't. The preconsolidation pressure ratio ($a_2=\sigma'_{pCRS}/\sigma'_{pConv}$)of marine clay appears proportional to the logarithm of strain rate, with average values ranging from 1.11 to 1.30 for strain rates between $1\timesx10^{-4} %/sec\; and\; 4\times10 %/sec$. The porewater pressure ratio during CRS teats does not exceed 6.0% except when the strain rate is $6.67\times10^{-4} %/sec$. Coefficient of consolidation or coefficient of permeability at normally consolidated range was not affected by the type of consolidation tests and the strain rate. Typical values of compression index (C.), coefficient of consolidation(c.), and coefficient of permeability (k.) at normally consolidated range were 0.56-0.95, $0.56\times10^{-4}~3.0\times10^{-4}cm2/sec,\; and\; 2.0\times10^{-8}~7.0\time10^{-4}cm/sec,$ respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.597-600
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• 2004

A substantial number of processes have been suggested as possible contributors to the extragalactic $\gamma$-ray background (EGRB). Yet another contribution to this background will be emission produced in hadronic interactions of cosmic-ray protons with the cluster thermal gas; this class of cosmic rays (CRs) has been shown to be responsible for the EUV emission in the Coma Cluster of galaxies. In this paper we assume the CRs in the Coma Cluster is prototypic of all clusters and derive the contribution to the EGRB from all clusters over time. We examine two different possibilities for the scaling of the CR flux with cluster size: the number density of the CRs scale with the number density of the thermal plasma, and alternatively, the energy density of the CRs scale with the energy density of the plasma. We find that in all scenarios the EGRB produced by this process is sufficiently low that it will not be observable in comparison with other mechanisms that are likely to produce an EGRB.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 2003

This paper introduces a simulation study regarding the design for the installation of Color Rescheduling Storage (CRS) in an automobile factory. In the painting shop the colors of vehicles are changed frequently according to the assembly schedule. When the color of a vehicle is changed from one to another, the cleaning process of painting-gun is necessary and it generates costs. Therefore many of the automobile manufacturers equip the CRS in front of the Top Coat Booth of the painting shop. The major objective of CRS is to reduce the change over cost in the painting process by grouping vehicles having same color. In this paper the configuration of CRS and the input/output algorithms are explained. The suggested system is verified using simulation models and experiments are conducted. Finally the best alternative is suggested by sensitivity analysis and evaluation of investment feasibility.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2004.03b
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• pp.173-180
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• 2004

In this study, a consolidometer for radially inward drainage under constant rate of strain (CRS) loading was developed. Theoretical solutions for determining the effective vertical stress and the coefficient of consolidation from the test result were also proposed. Reconstituted kaolinite samples which were consolidated up to 130 kPa were used to verify the developed consolidometer and the theory. Comparative experiments with CRS loading and incremental loading (IL) were carried out in radially in ward drainage as well as vertical and radially outward drainage. The results obtained from the developed CRS loading test agreed consistently with those of the conventional incremental loading test according to drainage directions. And the effect of drainage direction and drain diameter to consolidation characteristics was also evaluated. From the test results the applicability and the reliability of the suggested method were verified.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2013

Constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation tests were conducted for undisturbed Ariake clay samples from three boreholes in Saga Plain of Kyushu Island, Japan. The coefficients of consolidation ($c_{\nu}$) were interpreted from the CRS test results by small- and large-strain theory. Large-strain theory was found to interpret smaller $c_{\nu}$ values and less strain rate effect on $c_{\nu}$ than that by small-strain theory. Comparing the theoretical strain distributions within a soil specimen to those obtained by numerical simulation shows that the small-strain theory can be used only for the dimensionless parameter $c_{\nu}/\dot{\varepsilon}H_0^2{\geq}50$ (where $\dot{\varepsilon}$ is strain rate and $H_0$ is the specimen height), and the large-strain theory can be used for a larger range of strain rates. Applying the criterion to undisturbed Ariake clay with a $c_{\nu}$ value of about $1{\times}10^{-7}\;m^2/s$, it is suggested that the large-strain theory should be adopted for calculating the $c_{\nu}$ value when $\dot{\varepsilon}$ > 0.03%/min.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2014

Purpose: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been shown to improve survival in select patients with gastric cancer and peritoneal metastases. It remains unclear, however, whether this multimodal treatment protocol is also beneficial for signet-ring cell gastric cancer (SRC) patients with peritoneal metastases. Materials and Methods: Clinical data of patients scheduled for upfront systemic chemotherapy consisting of 5-FU (2,600 $mg/m^2$), folinic acid (200 $mg/m^2$), docetaxel (50 $mg/m^2$), and oxaliplatin (85 $mg/m^2$) followed by CRS and HIPEC using cisplatin (50 $mg/m^2$) at the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital T$\ddot{u}$bingen, Germany were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Eighteen consecutive patients for whom irresectability has been ruled out by a computed tomography scan were enrolled. However, complete cytoreduction could only be achieved in 72% of patients. When categorizing patients with respect to the completeness of cytoreduction, we found no difference between both groups considering tumor- or patient-related factors. The overall complication rate following complete cytoreduction and HIPEC was 46%. Within a median follow-up of 6.6 (0.5~31) months, the median survival for CRS and HIPEC patients was 8.9 months as opposed to 1.1 months for patients where complete cytoreduction could not be achieved. Following complete cytoreduction and HIPEC, progression-free survival was 6.2 months. Conclusions: In SRC with peritoneal metastases, the prognosis appears to remain poor irrespective of complete CRS and HIPEC. Moreover, complete cytoreduction could not be achieved in a considerable percentage of patients. In SRC, CRS and HIPEC should be restricted to highly selective patients in order to avoid exploratory laparotomy.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.159-174
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• 2002

Cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of large scale structure in the universe have shown that accretion shocks and merger shocks form due to flow motions associated with the gravitational collapse of nonlinear structures. Estimated speed and curvature radius of these shocks could be as large as a few 1000 km/s and several Mpc, respectively. According to the diffusive shock acceleration theory, populations of cosmic-ray particles can be injected and accelerated to very high energy by astrophysical shocks in tenuous plasmas. In order to explore the cosmic ray acceleration at the cosmic shocks, we have performed nonlinear numerical simulations of cosmic ray (CR) modified shocks with the newly developed CRASH (Cosmic Ray Amr SHock) numerical code. We adopted the Bohm diffusion model for CRs, based on the hypothesis that strong Alfven waves are self-generated by streaming CRs. The shock formation simulation includes a plasma-physics-based 'injection' model that transfers a small proportion of the thermal proton flux through the shock into low energy CRs for acceleration there. We found that, for strong accretion shocks, CRs can absorb most of shock kinetic energy and the accretion shock speed is reduced up to $20\%$, compared to pure gas dynamic shocks. For merger shocks with small Mach numbers, however, the energy transfer to CRs is only about $10-20\%$ with an associated CR particle fraction of $10^{-3}$. Nonlinear feedback due to the CR pressure is insignificant in the latter shocks. Although detailed results depend on models for the particle diffusion and injection, these calculations show that cosmic shocks in large scale structure could provide acceleration sites of extragalactic cosmic rays of the highest energy.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.98-103
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• 2015

Purpose: To compare injury sustained and severity of child occupant according to the types of safety restraint systems in motor vehicle crashes. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. The study subjects were child occupants under the age of 8 years who visited a local emergency center following a motor vehicle crash from 2010 to 2014. According to safety restraint: child restraint systems (CRS), belted, and unbelted, we compared injuries sustained and injury severity using the maximal Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS), and analyzed the characteristics of severe injuries (AIS2+). Results: Among 241 subjects, 9.1% were restrained in CRS, 14.5% were only belted, and 76.3% was unbelted at the time of the crashes. Fourteen had severe injuries (AIS2+), all of whom didn't be restrained by CRS. Injuries in face and neck were the highest in unbelted group, and MAIS and ISS were the lowest in CRS group. Conclusion: Among safety restraint systems for child occupant in motor vehicle crashes, the CRS have the preventive effect of face and neck injuries, and are the most effective safety restraint systems.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.18B no.5
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• pp.279-290
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• 2011

As the volume of internet and web contents have shown an explosive growth in recent years, lately contents recommendation system (CRS) has emerged as an important issue. Consequently, researches on contents recommendation method (CRM) for CRS have been conducted consistently. However, traditional CRMs have the limitations in that they are incapable of utilizing in web 2.0 environments where positions of content creators are important. In this paper, we suggest a novel way to recommend web contents of high quality using both degree of centrality and TF-IDF. For this purpose, we analyze TF-IDF and degree of centrality after collecting RSS and FOAF. Then we recommend contents using these two analyzed values. For the verification of the suggested method, we have developed the CRS and showed the results of contents recommendation. With the suggested idea we can analyze relations between users and contents on the entered query, and can consequently provide the appropriate contents to the user. Moreover, the implemented system we suggested in this paper can provide more reliable contents than traditional CRS because the importance of the role of content creators is reflected in the new system.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.127-135
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• 2005

In order to analyze effects of strain rate on consolidation characteristics of Busan clay, a series of constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation tests with different strain rate and incremental loading tests (ILT) were performed. From experimental test results on Busan clay, it was found that the preconsolidation pressure was dependent on the corresponding strain rate occurring during consolidation process. Also, consolidation curves normalized with respect to preconsolidation pressure gave a unique stress-strain curve. Coefficient of consolidation and permeability estimated from CRS test had a tendency to converge to a certain value at normally consolidated range regardless of strain rate. An increase in excess pore pressure was observed after the end of loading without change of total stress on the incremental loading test, which phenomenon is called Mandel-Cryer effect. It was also found that rapid generation of excess pore pressure took place due to collapse of soil structure as effective stress approached to preconsolidation pressure.