• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2011

Using the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability method of functional equations, we investigate homomorphisms in proper $CQ^*$-algebras and proper Lie $CQ^*$-algebras, and derivations on proper $CQ^*$-algebras and proper Lie $CQ^*$-algebras associated with the following functional equation $$\frac{1}{k}f(kx+ky+kz)=f(x)+f(y)+f(z)$$ for a fixed positive integer $k$.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제27권3_4호
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• pp.763-771
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• 2009

T.H. Kim, H.K. Xu, [Convergence of the modified Mann's iteration method for asymptotically strict pseudo-contractions, Nonlinear Anal.(2007),doi:l0.l016/j.na.2007.02.029.] proved the strong convergence for asymptotically strict pseudo-contractions by the classical CQ iterative method. In this paper, we apply the monotone CQ iterative method to modify the classical CQ iterative method of T.H. Kim, H.K. Xu, and to obtain the strong convergence theorems for asymptotically strict pseudo-contractions. In the proved process of this paper, Cauchy sequences method is used, so we complete the proof without using the demi-closedness principle, Opial's condition or others about weak topological technologies. In addition, we use a ingenious technology to avoid defining that F(T) is bounded. On the other hand, we relax the restriction on the control sequence of iterative scheme.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제29권1_2호
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• pp.293-309
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• 2011

The purpose of this article is to prove strong convergence theorems for weak relatively nonexpansive mapping which is firstly presented in this article. In order to get the strong convergence theorems for weak relatively nonexpansive mapping, the monotone CQ iteration method is presented and is used to approximate the fixed point of weak relatively nonexpansive mapping, therefore this article apply above results to prove the strong convergence theorems of zero point for maximal monotone operators in Banach spaces. Noting that, the CQ iteration method can be used for relatively nonexpansive mapping but it can not be used for weak relatively nonexpansive mapping. However, the monotone CQ method can be used for weak relatively nonexpansive mapping. The results of this paper modify and improve the results of S.Matsushita and W.Takahashi, and some others.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제28권5_6호
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2010

IIn this paper, we suggest and analyze a modified Mann's algorithm based on the CQ method for pseudo-contractive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Further, we prove a strong convergence theorem according to the proposed algorithm for pseudo-contractive mappings.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.146-160
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• 2000

The current study aimed to establish rationales for using three different voice therapies (resonant voice, accent method, and tongue-tip trills) by comparing the aerodynamic, and vocal fold closure characteristics under three therapies. A total of 8 male under/graduate students(tenors) participated as subjects. In order to compare aerodynamic characteristics, air flow rates and subglottal pressures were measured using Phonatory function analyzer under three therapy conditions. The characteristics of vocal fold closure patterns also were examined by comparing closed quotients(CQ) measured by Electroglottograph(EGG) under three therapy conditions. However, maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured under only resonant voice and tongue-tip trills using Aerophone II. The results are summarized as follows : 1) CQ, subglottal pressure and MPT decreased significantly under resonant voice as compared with throat voice, but the air flow rate increased significantly under resonant voice. 2) CQ decreased significantly under accent method as compared with throat voice, but both air flow rate and subglottal pressure increased significantly under accent method. 3) Both CQ and MPT decreased significantly under tongue tip trills as compared with throat voice, but air flow rate and subglottal pressure increased significantly under tongue-tip trills. Clinical implications of results were discussed in light of differential effects of three voice therapies.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2009

This study attempted to investigate vocal characteristics and differences in gender and voice classification among classical singers. Twenty-three female singers (M = 23.1 yrs, SD = 3.6 yrs, average 6.3 yrs singing experience, all classified as sopranos) and twenty male singers (M = 25.2 yrs, SD= 3.6 yrs, average 6. 3 yrs singing experience, 8 tenors, 12 baritones) were recruited to participate in the present study. Speaking fundamental frequency (FO), closed quotient (CQ), MPT (Maximum Phonation Time), breathing types, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and singers' formants were measured. In addition, vibratory patterns were observed using stroboscopy. Sfo, singing CQ, breathing types, formant frequency in singers' formants, MIP, MEP, and MPT were significantly different from gender to gender. Generally, singers' formants were observed in male singers and also the pattern of singers' formants was different between tenors and baritones. Lower singing CQ values were observed than speaking CQ values in the female singers (P<.001). Furthermore, MEP, MIP, and singing CQ were significantly lower for female singers than for males singers (P<.001). MPT and speaking FO, however, were not significantly different between tenors and baritones.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2011

연구목적: 여러 가지 문제점을 가지고 있는 기존의 중합개시제인 CQ와 새로운 개시제인 p-octyloxy-phenyl-phenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate (OPPI), 중합촉진제인 지방족 아민(DMAEMA)을 포함한 3종 중합개시시스템을 함유한 레진 모노머의 중합전환률을 증진시키기 위한 각각의 조성 비율을 알아보고 중합개시제와 중합촉진제의 비율에 따른 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: BisGMA/BisEMA/TEGDMA 조성의 레진 모노머를 제조한 다음 다양한 농도 조합의 CQ, OPPI, DMAEMA를 혼합하였다. 각각의 물질을 0.2 wt.% (저농도, L), 1.0 wt.% (중간농도, M), 2.0 wt.% (고농도, H)의 3가지 농도로 혼합하였으며, 그 농도 비율에 따라 9개의 실험군으로 제작하였다: LLL, LMM, LHH, MLM, MMH, MHL, HLH, HML, HHM (CQ-OPPI-DMAEMA의 농도) 중합 시스템이 함유된 각각의 레진 모노머를 NaCl disk에 압착한 다음 Demetron 400 광중합기를 이용하여 5초, 20초, 40초, 60초, 300초 동안 광중합 하였으며, FTIR로 전환률(Degree of Conversion, DC)을 측정하였다. 조성비율은 ANOVA와 Duncan 사후검정법을 이용하였으며 중합개시제와 중합촉진제의 비율이 같은 실험군들의 상호비교에는 T-검정도 시행하였다. 결과: 중합개시시스템을 이루는 조성들의 농도 조합에 따라 중합전환률의 차이를 보였으며, MMH 군과 HHM 군이 높은 초기 중합전환률을 보였다. 중합개시제(CQ, OPPI)와 중합촉진제인 DMAEMA의 비율에 따른 중합전환률의 차이를 보이지 않았으며, CQ의 농도는 전환률에 영향을 주지 않은 반면, OPPI의 농도는 전환률에 영향을 미쳤다. 결론: 중합전환률이 높으며 밝은 색상이 필요한 경우에는 MMH 조합을, 짙거나 불투명한 경우에는 MMH 조합이 추천된다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2012

Categorization is an important human function used to process different stimuli. It is also one of the most important factors affecting measurement of a person's classification ability. Explicit categorization, the representative system by which categorization ability is measured, can verbally describe the categorization rule. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction model for categorization ability as it relates to the classification process of living organisms using fMRI. Fifty-five participants were divided into two groups: a model generation group, comprised of twenty-seven subjects, and a model verification group, made up of twenty-eight subjects. During prediction model generation, functional connectivity was used to analyze temporal correlations between brain activation regions. A classification ability quotient (CQ) was calculated to identify the verbal categorization ability distribution of each subject. Additionally, the connectivity coefficient (CC) was calculated to quantify the functional connectivity for each subject. Hence, it was possible to generate a prediction model through regression analysis based on participants' CQ and CC values. The resultant categorization ability regression model predictor was statistically significant; however, researchers proceeded to verify its predictive ability power. In order to verify the predictive power of the developed regression model, researchers used the regression model and subjects' CC values to predict CQ values for twenty-eight subjects. Correlation between the predicted CQ values and the observed CQ values was confirmed. Results of this study suggested that explicit categorization ability differs at the brain network level of individuals. Also, the finding suggested that differences in functional connectivity between individuals reflect differences in categorization ability. Last, researchers have provided a new method for predicting an individual's categorization ability by measuring brain activation.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2011

Electroglottography (EGG) is a common method for providing non-invasive measurements of glottal activity. EGG has been used in vocal pathology as a clinical or research tool to measure vocal fold contact. This paper presents the results of pitch, jitter, and closed quotient (CQ) measurements in electroglottographic signals of young (mean = 22.7 years) and elderly (mean = 74.3 years) male and female subjects. The sustained corner vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ were measured at around 70 dB SPL since the most notable among EGG variables is the phonation intensity, which showed positive correlation with closed phase. The aim of this paper was to measure EGG data according to age and gender. In CQ, there was a significant difference between young and elderly female subjects while there was no significant difference between young and elderly male subjects. The mean value for young males was higher than that for elderly males while the mean value for young females was lower than that for elderly females. Thus, it can be said that in mean values, increased CQ was related to decreased age for females, while CQ decreased for males as the speaker's age decreased. Although the laryngeal degeneration due to increased age seems to occur to a lesser extent in females, the significant increase of CQ in elderly female voices could not be explained in terms of age-related physiological changes. In standard deviation of pitch and jitter, the mean values for young and elderly males were higher than that for young and elderly females. That is, male subjects showed higher in mean values of voice variables than female subjects. This result could be considered as a sign of vocal instability in males. It was suggested that these results may provide powerful insights into the control and regulation of normal phonation and into the detection and characterization of pathology.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.241-252
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• 2015

Runoff behaviors by five bias correction methods were analyzed, which were Change Factor methods using past observed and estimated data by the estimation scenario with average annual calibration factor (CF_Y) or with average monthly calibration factor (CF_M), Quantile Mapping methods using past observed and estimated data considering cumulative distribution function for entire estimated data period (QM_E) or for dry and rainy season (QM_P), and Integrated method of CF_M+QM_E(CQ). The peak flow by CF_M and QM_P were twice as large as the measured peak flow, it was concluded that QM_P method has large uncertainty in monthly runoff estimation since the maximum precipitation by QM_P provided much difference to the other methods. The CQ method provided the precipitation amount, distribution, and frequency of the smallest differences to the observed data, compared to the other four methods. And the CQ method provided the rainfall-runoff behavior corresponding to the carbon dioxide emission scenario of SRES A1B. Climate change scenario with bias correction still contained uncertainty in accurate climate data generation. Therefore it is required to consider the trend of observed precipitation and the characteristics of bias correction methods so that the generated precipitation can be used properly in water resource management plan establishment.