• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.498-503
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• 2007

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 are important inflammatory mediators that have been implicated in pathogenesis of inflammation and certain types of human cancers. The present study was designed in order to determine whether Wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer) could modulate $I{\kappa}B$-kinase (IKK), iNOS and COX-2 gene expression and its immune responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ${\mu}/m{\ell}$). Wild ginseng extract dose-dependantly (*0.5 - 2 ${\mu}/m{\ell}$) decreased the LPS-induced IKK, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression and its immune responses. Moreover, it inhibited unclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ immune response by LPS. These data be likely to indicate that Wild ginseng may acts as inflammatory regulator and may be possible to develope a useful agent for inflammatory diseases.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.195-197
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• 2011

We collected fecal samples from 21 individuals infected with Taenia tapeworms in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia, and performed nucleotide sequencing of the cox1 gene and multiplex PCR on the eggs for DNA differential diagnosis of human Taenia tapeworms. Genomic DNA was extracted from the eggs of a minimum number of 10 isolated from fecal samples, Using oligonucleotide primers Ta7126F, Ts7313F, Tso7466F, and Rev7915, the multiplex PCR assay proved useful for differentially diagnosing Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica based on 706, 629, and 474 bp bands, respectively. All of the Taenia specimens from Kho Kong, Cambodia, were identified as either T. saginata (n=19) or T. solium (n=2) by cox1 sequencing and multiplex PCR.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.837-845
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise and resveratrol supplementation on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. In this study, 4-wk-old C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups, with 10 animals in each group: a normal diet group (NC), high-fat diet group (HC), high-fat diet group with resveratrol supplementation (HRe), and high-fat diet GROUP with exercise (HE). Aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for 40~60 min/d at 10~14 m/min, 0% grade, 4 d/wk for 16 wk. Resveratrol (25 mg/kg bodyweight) was administrated once a day, 4 d/wk for 16 wk. There was a significance difference in COX-IV mRNA expression in the NC group versus that in the HC group (p<0.05). The expression of the SIRT-3, PGC-1a, and COX-IV mRNA genes in the HE group increased significantly as compared with the expression of these genes in the HC and HRe groups (p<0.05). These results indicated that high- fat diet-induced obesity did not affect mitochondria biogenesis gene expression in skeletal muscle. In contrast, aerobic exercise training increased the expression of mitochondria biogenesis gene expression in skeletal muscle in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. These findings suggested that aerobic exercise but not resveratrol supplementation had a positive effect on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.677-680
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• 2014

Infection cases of diphyllobothriid tapeworms are not much in the below teen-age group. We report a case of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense infection in a 13-year-old boy. He presented with severe fatigue, occasional abdominal pain at night time. He also had several episodes of tapeworm segment discharge in his stools. By his past history, he had frequently eaten raw fish including salmon and trout with his families. Numerous eggs of diphyllobothriid tapeworm were detected in the fecal examination. We introduced amidotrizoic acid as a cathartic agent through nasogastroduodenal tube and let nearly whole length (4.75 m) of D. nihonkaiense be excreted through his anus. After a single dose of praziquantel, the child's stool showed no further eggs, and his symptoms disappeared. The evacuated worm was identified as D. nihonkaiense by mitochondrial cox1 gene analysis. Here we report a successful extracorporeal worm extraction from an infection case of D. nihonkaiense by the injection of amidotrizoic acid.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2021

The present study reports a rare case of Taenia saginata infection, which was initially diagnosed as acute cholecystitis in a Tibetan patient at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau pastoral area, China. A 45-year-old female was initially diagnosed with acute cholecystitis at a hospital in China. She had a slight fever, weight loss and constipation and complained of pain in the upper abdomen and left back areas. Increase of monocyte, eosinophil and basophil levels were shown. Taenia sp. eggs were detected in a fecal examination. An adult tapeworm approximately 146 cm in length, whitish-yellow color, was collected from the patient after treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. The adult tapeworm had a scolex and proglottids with genital pores. The scolex was rectangular shape with 4 suckers and rostellum without hooklet. The cox1 gene sequence shared 99.5-99.8% homology with that of T. saginata from other regions in China. The patient was diagnosed finally infected with T. saginata by morphological and molecular charateristics.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.47-66
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bone healing effect of Dohongsamul-tang (Taohongsiwu-tang; DH) on femur fractured mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (naive, control, positive control and DH). All groups except naive group were subjected to bone fracture on both hind limb femurs. Naive group received no treatment at all. Control group was fed with normal saline, and positive control group was orally medicated with tramadol. DH-treated group was orally medicated with DH. We analysed the levels of BMP2, COX2, Col2a1, Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix genes on 3, 7 and 14 days after fracture. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured for safety assessment. Results In morphological, histological analysis, callus formation process of DH-treated group was faster than the control group. BMP2, Sox9 gene expression were significantly increased at 7 days after fracture compared to the control group. COX2, Col2a1 gene expression were significantly increased at 14 days after fracture compared to the control group. Total cholesterol was significantly increased by DH at 3 days. Triglyceride was significantly decreased by DH at 3, 7 days after fracture compared to the control group. Conclusions Dohongsamul-tang promoted bone healing process after fracture by stimulating the bone regeneration factors. And DH shows no hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and serum lipid abnormality. In conclusion, it seems that DH helps to promote fracture regeneration after bone fracture by regulating gene expressions related to bone repair.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.780-786
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• 2003

This study was carried out to know the immunity responses of the Spatholubus suberectus Dunn(hereinafter referred to STSD) to the synovial cells isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Various experiments were performed in vitro to analyse the immunity effects of STSD. Gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 were determined by RT-PCR and ELISA kit. And also the binding activity of NF-kB and AP-1 were measured by Electromobility shift assay (EMSA) and the production of ROS was measured by flow cytometry. The results were obtained as follows 1. The gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α were reduced significantly. 2. The gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 were reduced. 3. The binding activity of NF-kB and AP-1 were inhibited. 4. The production of ROS in human synovial cells was reduced significantly. Comparison of the results for this study showed that STSD had immunomodulatory effects of suppressing or enhancing. So we expect that STSD should be used as a effective drugs for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune disease. Therefore we have to survey continuously in looking for the effective substance and mechanism in the future.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2013

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role for host defense against invading pathogens. TLR4 has been identified as the receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria. The activation of TLR4 signaling by LPS leads to the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and the expression of pro-inflammatory gene products such as cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). To evaluate the therapeutic potential of (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine (NVPP), previously synthesized in our laboratory, NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and iNOS and COX-2 expression induced by LPS were examined. NVPP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ induced by LPS. NVPP also suppressed the iNOS expression induced by LPS but it did not suppress COX-2 expression induced by LPS. These results suggest that NVPP has the specific mechanism for anti-inflammatory responses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.200-208
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• 2011

Ginsenoside (G) $Rp_1$ is a ginseng saponin derivative with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which G-$Rp_1$ inhibits inflammatory responses of cells. We did this using a strategy in which DNA constructs containing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promoters were transfected into HEK293 cells. G-$Rp_1$ strongly inhibited the promoter activities of COX-2 and iNOS; it also inhibited lipopolysaccharide induced upregulation of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA levels in RAW264.7 cells. In HEK293 cells G-$Rp_1$ did not suppress TANK binding kinase 1-, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF)-, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)-, or activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}$B by the myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88)-induced. However, G-$Rp_1$ strongly suppressed NF-${\kappa}$B activation induced by I${\kappa}$B kinase (IKK)${\beta}$ in HEK293 cells. Consistent with these results, G-$Rp_1$ substantially inhibited IKK${\beta}$-induced phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and p65. These results suggest that G-$Rp_1$ is a novel anti-inflammatory ginsenoside analog that can be used to treat IKK${\beta}$/NF-${\kappa}$B-mediated inflammatory diseases.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2018

Protochitonidae Ashby, 1925 is a family of small to medium sized chitons that includes a single fossil genus and two extant genera. Of the two extant genera, Deshayesiella Carpenter in Dall, 1879 contains 5 described species. Although most Deshayesiella species are known to be found in deep sea habitats(over 100 m), D. curvata (Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892) is found from shallow waters(1-20 m). In this study, we provide details of microstructure of shell and radula characters using scanning electron microscopy and morphological features of D. curvata, and its partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA cox1 gene as DNA barcode sequence. In addition, we compare morphological differences of D. curvata from other congeneric species.