• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2019

The present study was conducted to investigate anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaves of Ilex latifolia Thunb (I. latifolia) in in vivo and in vitro. Writhing responses induced by acetic acid and formalin- and thermal stimuli (tail flick and hot plate tests)-induced pain responses for nociception were evaluated in mice. I. latifolia (50 - 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory response) in the formalin test, but did not protect against thermal nociception and the first phase response (central response) in the formalin test. These results show that I. latifolia has a significant anti-nociceptive effect that appears to be peripheral, but not central. Additionally, I. latifolia (50 and $100{\mu}g/mL$) and 3,5-di-caffeoyl quinic acid methyl ester ($5{\mu}M$) isolated from I. latifolia as an active compound significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS and COX-2, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$, in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that I. latifolia can produce antinociceptive effects peripherally, but not centrally, via anti-inflammatory activity and supports a possible use of I. latifolia to treat pain and inflammation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.144-153
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• 2021

Astrocytes play various important roles such as maintaining brain homeostasis, supporting neurons, and secreting inflammatory mediators to protect the brain cells. In aged subjects, astrocytes show diversely changed phenotypes and dysfunctions. But, the study of aged astrocytes or astrocytes from aged subjects is not yet sufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of their important processes in the regulation of brain function. In this study, we induced an in vitro aged astrocyte model through late passage cultivation of rat primary cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes were cultured until passage 7 (P7) as late passage astrocytes and compared with passage 1 (P1) astrocytes as early passage astrocytes to confirm the differences in phenotypes and the effects of serial passage. In this study, we confirmed the morphological, molecular, and functional changes of late passage astrocytes showing aging phenotypes through SA-β-gal staining and measurement of nuclear size. We also observed a reduced expression of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, and COX2, as well as dysregulation of wound-healing, phagocytosis, and mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. Culture-conditioned media obtained from P1 astrocytes promoted neurite outgrowth in immature primary cultures of rat cortices, which is significantly reduced when we treated the immature neurons with the culture media obtained from P7 astrocytes. These results suggest that late passage astrocytes show senescent astrocyte phenotypes with functional defects, which makes it a suitable model for the study of the role of astrocyte senescence on the modulation of normal and pathological brain aging.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.310-318
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• 2022

The fruits of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) (PT) Steud. have been reported to exert a variety of biological activities. A previous study confirmed that compounds isolated from PT fruits (PTF) exerted anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α-stimulated airway epithelial cells. However, there is no report on the protective effects of PTF on acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we examined the ameliorative effects of PTF in an experimental animal model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In ALI mice, increased levels of inflammatory cell influx were confirmed in the lungs of mice, and an increase of microphage numbers, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 production and protein content were detected in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. However, these increases were significantly reversed with PTF pretreatment. In addition, PTF inhibited the increased expression of iNOS and COX-2 in the lungs of ALI mice. Furthermore, the upregulation of MAPK and NF-κB activation was decreased in the lungs of ALI mice by PTF. In the in vitro experiment, PTF pretreatment exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the secretion of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Collectively, these results indicated that PTF has ameliorative effects on airway inflammation in an experimental animal model of ALI.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.513-520
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Cheonggukjang pills with aronia and blueberries on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. There have been several reports that Cheonggukjang is effective for intestinal health, but the efficacy of Cheonggukjang containing fruits has not yet been reported. In this study, we showed the effect of cheonggukjang pills with blueberries and aronia (CPBA) on DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice. CPBA was obtained from Soonchang Moonokae foods and orally administered once a day for 2 weeks before DSS treatment. Colitis was induced in mice by feeding 5% (w/v) DSS drinking water for 7 days. The results showed that CPBA treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced disease activity index associated with a decrease in colon length. CPBA improved DSS-induced histological changes and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in mice colon. In addition, CPBA administration significantly reduced the levels of DSS-mediated interferon-γ and interleukin-6 in serum and tumor necrosis factor-α in colon tissue. Moreover, the gene expression of COX-2 and iNOS, which are factors involved in inflammatory signaling, was significantly reduced by CPBA treatment. These results suggest that CPBA have a protective effect against DSS-induced mice colitis and may be a candidate for colitis treatment.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2021

[Purpose] In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sargassum horneri had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. [Methods] The proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary fiber of S. horneri, various biologically active compounds, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. [Results] The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, as well as the reduction power, of the S. horneri extract used here were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicates that S. horneri contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, that have excellent antioxidant activity. The cellular viability and metabolic activity results confirmed that the extract had no discernible toxicity at concentrations up to 100 ㎍/mL. The levels of nitrites and cytokines (PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-6), which mediate pro-inflammatory effect, were significantly inhibited by treatment with either 50 or 100 ㎍/mL S. horneri extract, whereas that of IL-1β was significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 ㎍/mL of the extract. Similarly, the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins also decreased according to 50 or 100 ㎍/mL extract concentrations. NF-κB binding to DNA was also significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 ㎍/mL of extract. [Conclusion] These results suggest that 70% EtOH extracts of S. horneri can relieve inflammation caused by disease or high intensity exercise.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.840-847
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• 2023

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a member of the Araliaceae family, is known as a traditional medicinal plant to have a wide range of health properties. Polysaccharides constitute a major component of Korean ginseng, and its berries exhibit immune-modulating properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune effects of crude polysaccharide (GBPC) extracted from Korean ginseng berry on peritoneal macrophages in mice with cyclophosphamide (CY)- induced immunosuppression. BALB/c mice were divided into eight groups: normal control, normal control + CY, levamisole + CY, ginseng + CY, and four concentrations of 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW/day of GBPC + CY. Mice were orally administered with samples for 10 days. Immunosuppression was established by treating mice with CY (80 mg/kg BW/day) through intraperitoneal injection on days 4 to 6. The immune function of peritoneal macrophages was then evaluated. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg BW/day GBPC resulted in proliferation, NO production, and phagocytosis at 100%, 88%, and 91%, respectively, close to the levels of the normal group (100%) of peritoneal macrophages. In CY-treated mice, GBPC of 50-500 mg/kg BW/day also dose-dependently stimulated the proliferation, NO production, and phagocytosis at 56-100%, 47-88%, and 53-91%, respectively, with expression levels of immune-associated genes, such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, of about 0.32 to 2.87-fold, compared to those in the CY group. GBPC could be a potential immunomodulatory material to control peritoneal macrophages under an immunosuppressive condition.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.442-451
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 미야베 에탄올 추출물의 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위해 LPS로 활성화된 RAW 264.7 세포와 croton-oil로 유도된 귀부종 동물 모델을 이용하였다. 그 결과, SMYEE 50 및 $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도처리 시, LPS로 유도된 염증반응에서 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성 억제와 더불어 MAPKs의 인산화를 효과적으로 억제함을 보였다. LPS에 의해 증가된 NO와 전염증성 사이토카인의 분비량도 농도 의존적으로 감소하였다. 또한 SMYEE는 croton oil로 부종을 유발한 마우스모델에서 귀부종 억제효과를 나타내었고, 조직의 진피 두께 및 mast cell의 수가 현저히 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 SMYEE는 염증 반응의 전사인자인 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 및 MAPKs의 활성을 조절함으로써 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현 및 전염증성 매개인자인 NO, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 $IL-1{\beta}$의 분비를 억제하여 항염증 활성을 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 현재까지 미야베 모자반내의 항염증 효능 물질에 관한 연구는 보고되지 않고 있으며 향후 실험을 통해 미야베 모자반 에탄올 추출물로부터 항염증 효과를 가지는 유효성분을 밝히기 위한 분리 연구를 진행할 예정이다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.236-245
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• 2016

밀배아유가 LPS로 자극된 대식세포에서 염증과 관련된 인자들에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해, NO 및 전염증성 cytokine의 분비량과 iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현량, NF-κB p65와 MAPKs 활성화를 확인하였다. 또한 ICR 마우스를 이용하여 croton oil로 유도된 귀부종을 통해 귀두께 변화 및 귀조직을 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 밀배아유는 LPS로 인해 증가된 NO 및 전염증성 cytokine의 분비량을 감소시켰으며, 특히, IL-6와 TNF-α는 100 μg/ml 농도에서 90% 이상의 분비 억제효과를 나타내었다. LPS에 의해 증가된 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현은 100 μg/ml 농도로 밀배아유 처리시 발현 억제가 가장 크게 나타났으며, NF-κB p65의 발현도 밀배아유 농도가 증가함에 따라 발현 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 100 μg/ml 농도로 처리 시 억제 효과가 가장 컸다. 밀배아유는 MAPKs의 인산화를 억제시켰으며, 특히, ERK와 JNK의 인산화 억제가 농도 의존적으로 크게 효과를 나타내었다. 또한, 밀배아유는 croton oil로 유도된 귀부종에서 귀두께를 감소시켰으며, 경피와 진피의 두께 및 진피에 침윤된 비만세포의 수도 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 이상으로, 밀배아유는 NF-κB 및 MAPKs의 신호 경로 조절을 통한 염증성 매개 인자들의 발현 감소로 항염증 효과를 나타냄을 확인하여, 천연 항염증 소재로서 활용도가 가능함을 시사한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.724-734
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• 2019

본 연구는 대기 중에 떠다니는 입자인 미세먼지의 발생원에 따라 여러 종류의 사람 세포주에 미치는 세포 독성 효과를 검증해 보고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 미세먼지는 자동차의 공기 필터(차 미세먼지, 실외)와 집에 있는 청소기의 필터(집 미세먼지, 실내)에서 유래한 미세먼지를 에탄올 추출법으로 포집하여 여과한 다음 대략 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세먼지를 세포배양액에 첨가하였다. MTT 분석 방법으로 조사된 세포성장의 반억제농도 값($IC_{50}$)은 집 미세먼지보다 차 미세먼지에서 각 세포에 대한 $IC_{50}$ 값이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 더 낮았고, 정상세포주인 섬유아세포(MRC-5) 및 사랑니 유래 중간엽성 성체줄기세포(DSC)에서 $IC_{50}$ 값은 폐암세포주(A-549) 및 위암세포주(AGS)에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 더 낮았다. 차 미세먼지를 $100{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 첨가하여 1주일동안 세포를 배양하여 세포배가시간을 조사하였던 바, 암세포주보다 MRC-5 및 DSC 세포주에서 미세먼지의 처리 후 세포배가시간이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 늘어나는 것을 관찰하였고, 미세먼지에 노출된 세포는 노화 관련 베타-갈락토시다아제의 발현이 증가하여 세포의 노화가 일어나는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한, 차 미세먼지를 각 세포주의 $IC_{50}$ 값으로 1주일 동안 처리한 후, 염증 관련 유전자인 COX-2 및 IL-6의 발현이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아, 미세먼지는 세포의 성장을 억제하고, 손상을 일으키면서 염증의 발현을 유도하는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.49-65
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) on the monosodium iodoacetate(MIA) induced early state osteoarthritis in rats. Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA(0.25 mg) into knee joints of rats. Osteoarthritis rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated=8 group respectively, Control group was taken distilled water and treated group was taken extracts of Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) by orally for 20 days. Body weight was measured at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 days after MIA injection. At the end of experiment, gross and histopathological examination on the articular cartilages of the knee joints were performed. Proteoglycan(PG) content of articular cartilages were analysed by safranine O staining method. The content of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$, $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ in synovial fluids were analysed by enzyme-inked inmunosorbent assay(ELISA) method. And also cycloxygenase-2(COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase 3(MMP-3), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), calpain immunochistochemical examination on the knee joints were performed. Results: PG content in articular cartilages of the treated group was significantly increased compared with control group. Histopathological osteoarthritic score of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with control group. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in synovial fluids, expression of iNOS and calpain in synovial membrane of the treated group were significantly decreased compared with control group. But body weight, $1L-1{\beta}$ content in synovial fluids, expression of iNOS and MMP-3 of the treated group were not significantly changed compared with control group. Conclusions: On the basis of these results, we conclude that Gagamsosokmyeong-tang(Jiajianxiaoxuming-tang) has anti-arthritic effects on the MIA induced early stage osteoarthritis in rats.