• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제48권4호
• /
• pp.555-563
• /
• 2015

Organic matter and trace metals were investigated in surface sediments of Gomso Bay, where there is dense Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum farming activity, to evaluate contamination of sediments in intertidal shellfish farming area. We measured mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of coarser sediments (sand, silty sand, and sandy silt), with Mz values ranging from 2.61 to 4.79 Ø. Mz and the content of organic matter in sediments were lower in the intertidal zone than in the sublittoral zone. The mean metal concentrations in surface sediments decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. The metal concentrations in surface sediments showed a significant positive correlation with Mz and organic matter content, indicating that metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Gomso Bay are controlled by Mz and organic matter. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in the study region were lower than or similar to those in other intertidal zones in western coast and much lower than those reported in other shellfish farming areas in Korea. Our results suggest that intertidal Manila clam farming sediments from Gomso Bay are not contaminated by organic matter and trace metals.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.309-316
• /
• 2014

The water quality improvement of golf course ponds, as representative stagnant stream channels, was evaluated by applying a biological activated carbon (BAC) process composed of four consecutive activated carbon reactors. The study was performed from autumn to winter in order to evaluate the feasibility of the BAC process under low temperature conditions. In the study, water quality of pond A (target pond) and pond B (reference pond) were monitored. Pond water was pumped into the BAC process, and was then returned to the pond after treatment. The optimal conditions were determined to be 2 hr of empty bed contact time (EBCT) at a temperature above $4^{\circ}C$, in which improvements of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of pond A compared to pond B were 3.62%, 3.48% and 1.81%, respectively. On the other hand, as the temperature was below $4^{\circ}C$, some degree of water quality improvement was achieved even when EBCT were 1 or 0.5 hr, suggesting that the BAC process can be successfully applied for the improvement of pond water quality in winter months. The values of biomass concentration and microorganism activity in each condition were highest where 2 hr of EBCT was applied at a temperature above $4^{\circ}C$, but values were similar throughout all treatment conditions, and thus, adsorption is considered to be the dominant factor affecting process efficiency. From the denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) results, no significant differences were observed among the activated carbon reactors, suggesting that the number of reactors in the system could be decreased for a more compact application of the system.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.96-108
• /
• 1998

대표적인 부영양화 해역인 일본의 뢰호내해를 대상으로 하여 해수ㆍ저질문의 욕존 산소와 영양염의 수수과정을 표현할 수ㆍ저질예측모델을 개발하여, 해역의 유입부하량과 수질의 응답특성, 부하량삭감의 영향해석 및 유입부하량과 수산자원의 관계 해석을 통하여 부영양화 해역의 수질관리방안에 대하여 연구하였다. 부하에 대응한 수질의 장기예측결과, 부하량과 수질의 응답특성이 해역에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 적상부하량의 간역추산방법으로서 인접해역의 부하영향 및 기여율을 포함한 부하삭감후의 수질예측에 대한 개산식을 제안하였다. 부하량 삭감효과의 수직계산결과 인(P) 뿐만 아니라 질소(N)의 부하삭감의 영향이 크게 기여함을 보였다. 유입부하량과 수산자원의 관계를 수질을 매개로 검토한 바, 뢰호내해와 같은 부영양화 해역에서는 유입부하량의 증가는 1차생산량의 증가에 반영되지만 2차생산 이후의 전송효율에도 한도가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2004

To supply fresh and quality quarantined seafood in live seafood specialty restaurants, facilities for short-term culture or holding of live marine fish and shellfish are a necessity. In this study, the performance of a simple recirculating aquarium system for the culture and holding of marine fish was evaluated. The aquarium system consisted of a culture tank, a foam fractionator for solids removal, and a Styrofoam bead filter for nitrification and solids trapping. In the first trial, the aquarium was stocked with a total of 12 kg Korean rockfish, which were fed approximately $0.5\%$ of the total fish body weight daily. During the 2-month culture period, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen $(NO_2-N)$ concentrations remained below 1mg/L and 2mg/L, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) fluctuated between 13.6 and 31.2 mg/L on selected sampling days. The total suspended solids (TSS) removed by the foam fractionator was between 2.7 and 4.6g daily. The Styrofoam bead filter not only reduced TAN and $NO_2-N$ in the culture tank water, but also trapped solids equivalent to 8.3-26.7\% of the weight of feed supplied. In Trial 2, 30kg of live fish were held in the aquarium without feeding for a 24-hour period and the water quality parameters were monitored. TAN and $NO_2-N$ concentrations first increased and then decreased to around 0.3mg/L. These results demonstrate that the recirculating aquarium system is a functional option for the short-term culture or holding of marine fish.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국항해항만학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.319-324
• /
• 2005

국민의 생활수준 향상과 주 5일 근무제 도입에 따라 해양레저 활동 및 바다낚시 활동이 증가하고 있다. 자연히 해안활동의 증가에 따라 해양오염사고나 인명 등 해양사고의 위험성도 증가하고 있다. 이것은 해양관광 및 레저에 대한 기반이 아직 열악하고 관련 법제도의 미비와 그에 따른 해양환경 및 안전에 대한 인식이 부족하기 때문이다. 그래서 해안활동으로 인한 해양오염방지의 필요성을 국민에게 알리고, 특히 바다낚시로 발생하는 오염을 줄이고 낚시행위에 대한 효과적인 관리감독을 강화하여 국민들에게 환경친화적이고 쾌적한 해안레저 활동을 위한 가이드라인이 절실하다. 본 논문은 해양레저 활동, 특히 해안낚시 활동의 실태를 파악하고 이러한 활동으로 인하여 발생하는 해안환경 훼손의 실태를 진단하고 안전하고 쾌적한 활동을 위한 가이드라인을 제시한다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 2000

A stream purification system was applied to the upper reaches of the Masan Reservoir to improve the water quality. This system consisted of two channels which were constructed on both sides of the stream, one side packed with crushed gravels and the other with plastic filter media. The system operated under low pollutant concentrations and high hydraulic loadings during a dry season to avoid clogging of the filter media. Removal rate and efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the channel packed with crushed gravel were $14.8g/m^3/d$ and 11.5%, and for the channel with plastic filter media, $50.1g/m^3/d$ and 13.5%, respectively. Removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (T-P) were 6.6% (gravel) and 10.0% (plastic media). These results indicated plastic filter media having relatively high specific surface areas were more efficient than crushed gravels in removing pollutants. However, due to low influent water quality during dry season, the removal efficiencies were low. The proportion of nitrate nitrogen to total nitrogen (T-N) of the inflow was high but, as the system operated under aerobic condition, nitrate nitrogen could not denitrified. Accordingly, total nitrogen was not attenuated with this system. To improve the reservoir water quality effectively, this system should be able to treat the storm runoff containing higher pollutant loadings. When the filter materials are clogged by the storm runoff instead of backwashing, it would be more efficient to replace them, Therefore, the use of natural materials which are light, easily obtaining and replaceable, and have high specific surface areas is recommended.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.194-202
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서 처리수를 이용한 주기적인 역세척은 춘천시 공지천의 관형 세라믹 한외여과막에 의한 고도정수처리 시스템에서 막오염을 저감하고 투과선속을 향상시키고자 수행되었다. 일정한 역세척 시간(BT) 15초에서 여과시간 즉, 물 역세척 주기(FT) 2분이 가장 높은 무차원 투과선속(초기 투과선속에 대한 투과선속)과 가장 낮은 막오염 저항값을 보였다. 또한, FT 10분으로 고정한 BT 영향의 결과에서 BT 20초가 가장 낮은 막오염 저항과 가장 높은 무차원 투과선속을 나타내어, 가장 많은 총여과부피 107.3 L를 얻을 수 있었다. 결론적으로 공지천의 정수처리에서 FT 10분과 BT 20초가 최적조건으로 관형 알루미나 정밀여과의 선행 연구결과와 정확히 일치하였다. 한편 관형 세라믹 한외여과 시스템에 의한 오염물질 평균제거율은 탁도 97.0%, 망간법에 의한 COD 32.1%, 암모니아성 질소 28.8%, 총인 54.4%로 나타났다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.377-385
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 고염폐수의 정화능이 우수한 미생물 기능성 커뮤니티 HWTC (Highsalt Wastewater Treatment Community)를 이용한 고염폐수 처리시스템을 개발하였으며, HWTC의 미생물 군집의 다양성을 확인해 보았다. HWTC의 고염폐수 처리능력은 HRT 2.5일만에 $COD_{cr}$ 84%의 처리효율로 확인하였다. 미생물 군집분석은 PCR-DGGE 기법과 16S rRNA gene clone library를 통하여 미생물 다양성을 확인하였다. 4%의 염농도의 폐수에서 우점하는 미생물은 Halomonas sp.와 Paenibacillus sp.로 나타났고, phylogenetic tree 분석을 통해 ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria 속하는 미생물의 다양성이 높게 나타났으며, firmicutes속 하는 미생물이 우점하고 있었다. 고염폐수를 처리할 수 있는 미생물 기능성 커뮤니티 HWTC를 이용하여, 고염의 폐수 정화를 가능하게 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.759-771
• /
• 2011

We evaluated the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic element (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island using several sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and assessment techniques for sediment pollution. Based on the textural composition of sediment, the surface sediments were classified into two main sedimentary facies: slightly gravelly mud and silt. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediments ranged from 4.6-9.9 (mean $7.4{\pm}1.1$) $mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$ and from ND-0.53 (mean $0.04{\pm}0.10$) mgS/$g{\cdot}dry$, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those reported from a farming area in a semi-enclosed bay of Korea and for SQGs in Japan. The metallic element concentrations in the sediments varied widely with the mean grain size and organic matter content, implying that the concentrations of metallic elements are influenced mainly by secondary factors, such as bioturbation, the resuspension of sediment, and anthropogenic input. The overall results for the comparison with SQGs, enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) indicate that the surface sediments are slightly polluted by Cr and Ni, and moderately polluted by As. Our results suggest that the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island are not polluted by organic matter or metallic elements and the benthic conditions are suitable for healthy organisms.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2020

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge system are widely used throughout the most common technologies in the world. Most treatment plants require optimization of certain treatment processes using dynamic modeling. A lot of examples of dynamic simulations require reliable data base of diurnal variation of the inflow and typical concentrations of parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), etc. Such detailed data are not available, which leads to problemsin the application of dynamic simulations. In many examples of plants, continuous flow measurements are only performed after the primary clarifier, whereas measurements from influent to the plant are missing, as is the case with the examples in this paper. In some cases, a simpler, faster and cheaper way can be applied to determine influent variations, such as the "HSG-Sim" method ("Hochschulgruppe Simulation"). "Hochschulgruppe Simulation" is a group of researchers from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Poland (see http://www.hsgsim.org). This paper presents a model for generating daily variations of inflow and concentration of municipal wastewater quality parameters, applied to several existing WWTPs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The main goal of the applied method is to generate realistic influent data of the existing plants in B&H, in terms of flow and quality, without any prior comprehensive survey and measurements at the site. The examples of plants show the influence of overflow facilities on the dynamics of input flow and quality of wastewater, and a strong influence of the problems of the sewerage systems.