• Title/Summary/Keyword: CO2

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Effect of Co Interlayer on the Interfacial Reliability of SiNx/Co/Cu Thin Film Structure for Advanced Cu Interconnects (미세 Cu 배선 적용을 위한 SiNx/Co/Cu 박막구조에서 Co층이 계면 신뢰성에 미치는 영향 분석)

  • Lee, Hyeonchul;Jeong, Minsu;Kim, Gahui;Son, Kirak;Park, Young-Bae
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2020
  • The effect of Co interlayer on the interfacial reliability of SiNx/Co/Cu thin film structure for advanced Cu interconnects was systematically evaluated by using a double cantilever beam test. The interfacial adhesion energy of the SiNx/Cu thin film structure was 0.90 J/㎡. This value of the SiNx/Co/Cu thin film structure increased to 9.59 J/㎡.Measured interfacial adhesion energy of SiNx/Co/Cu structure was around 10 times higher than SiNx/Cu structure due to CoSi2 reaction layer formation at SiNx/Co interface, which was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The interfacial adhesion energy of SiNx/Co/Cu structure decreased sharply after post-annealing at 200℃ for 24 h due to Co oxidation at SiNx/Co interface. Therefore, it is required to control the CoO and Co3O4 formation during the environmental storage of the SiNx/Co/Cu thin film to achieve interfacial reliability for advanced Cu interconnections.

Gas Permeation Characteristics of PEBAX2533 Membrane Containing PEGDA and ZIF-8 (PEGDA와 ZIF-8을 함유한 PEBAX2533 막의 기체투과 특성)

  • Kim, Sun Hee;Hong, Se Ryeong;Lee, Hyun Kyung
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.46-56
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    • 2020
  • In this study, poly (ether-block-amide) (PEBAX)/poly (ethylene) glycoldiacrylate (PEGDA)/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)-polyethersulfone (PES) composite membranes were prepared. The gas permeation properties of N2 and CO2 were investigated for each composite membrane. First, the gas permeability in the PEBAX/PEGDA-PES composite membrane decreased with increasing PEGDA content for each molecular weight at PEGDA250, PEGDA575, and PEGDA-700 g/mol. The CO2/N2 selectivity showed a constant value and gradually increased with increasing PEGDA content after 30 wt% PEGDA, and PEBAX/PEGDA250 50 wt%-PES prepared by adding PEGDA250 g/mol 50 wt% showed a selectivity of 15.1. This is because as the PEGDA content increases, the number of diacrylate groups increases, and the CO2 affinity due to the ether structure of PEGDA increases. Gas permeation properties according to ZIF-8 were investigated for composite membranes of PEGDA 0 to 30 wt%, with CO2/N2 selectivity almost constant for each molecular weight. The permeability of N2 and CO2 gradually increased with increasing ZIF-8 content, and CO2/N2 selectivity was the highest at 3.4 in PEBAX/PEGDA250 g/mol 30 wt%/ZIF-8 20 wt%-PES composite membrane.

An Experimental Study on Carbonation Induction in Paste with CO2 Reactive Cement (CO2 반응경화 시멘트를 혼입한 페이스트의 탄산화 양생에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Kim, Young-Jin;Ryu, Dong-Woo
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2023.11a
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    • pp.79-80
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    • 2023
  • After the Second Industrial Revolution, as global warming caused by environmental issues has intensified, the CO2 emissions from the cement industry have become an urgent challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce and utilize CO2 emissions by using CO2-reducing Calcium Silicate Cement.

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Physicochemical Properties of MnO2 Catalyst Prepared via Hydrothermal Process and its Application for CO Oxidation (수열방법으로 합성된 이산화망간의 물리화학적 특성과 일산화탄소 산화반응)

  • Lee, Young-Ho;Jeon, Su A;Park, Sang-Jun;Youn, Hyun Ki;Shin, Chae-Ho
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.248-256
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    • 2015
  • MnO2 was prepared by a hydrothermal process method in the range of 120-200 ℃ and 0.5-5 h, calcined at 300 ℃ after induction of precipitation using KMnO4 and MnCl2・4H2O, and its catalytic activity was compared for CO oxidation. The catalysts were characterized using by X-ray diffraction, N2-sorption, scanning electron microscopy, and temperature programmed reduction of H2 or CO. The crystalline structure of pure α-MnO2 or hybrid α/β-MnO2 was controlled by the preparation conditions. The pure α-MnO2 showed better catalytic activity and thermal stability than hybrid α/β-MnO2. Especially, α-MnO2 prepared at 150 ℃ for 1 h has the highest specific surface area 214 m2 g-1, reducibility and labile lattice oxygen species analyzed by H2, CO-TPR, respectively. It also showed the best CO oxidation activity in both conditions of temperature programmed and isothermal reaction. The results came from the physicochemical properties of catalysts like the crystalline structure, specific surface area, reducibility and lattice oxygen species, and which are correlated with catalytic performance.

Study on Ti-doped LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathode Materials for High Stability Lithium Ion Batteries (고안정성 리튬이온전지 양극활물질용 Ti 치환형 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 연구)

  • Jeon, Young Hee;Lim, Soo A
    • Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.120-132
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    • 2021
  • Although the development of high-Nickel is being actively carried out to solve the capacity limitation and the high price of raw cobalt due to the limitation of high voltage use of the existing LiCoO2, the deterioration of the battery characteristics due to the decrease in structural stability and increase of the Ni content. It is an important cause of delaying commercialization. Therefore, in order to increase the high stability of the Ni-rich ternary cathod material LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, precursor Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2-x(OH)2/xTiO2 was prepared using a nanosized TiO2 suspension type source for uniform Ti substitution in the precursor. It was mixed with Li2CO3, and after heating, the cathode active material LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2-xTixO2 was synthesized, and the physical properties according to the Ti content were compared. Through FE-SEM and EDS mapping analysis, it was confirmed that a positive electrode active material having a uniform particle size was prepared through Ti-substituted spherical precursor and Particle Size Analyzer and internal density and strength were increased, XRD structure analysis and ICP-MS quantitative analysis confirmed that the capacity was effectively maintained even when the Ti-substituted positive electrode active material was manufactured and charging and discharging were continued at high temperature and high voltage.

Characterization of Potassium Based Dry CO2 Sorbents Developed for the Reduction of Side Reactions (부반응 저감 조성 K계 건식 CO2 흡수제 특성평가)

  • Jang, Young-shin;Kim, Ui-sik;Yoon, Yang-no;Baek, Jeom-In
    • KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.337-341
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    • 2019
  • In this study, the effects of two materials, active alumina and CaO based inorganic binder, which cause the side reaction on the K2CO3-based solid CO2 sorbents was investigated. K2CO3-based solid sorbents called KAM series was prepared by spray drying method and then measured its physical properties and CO2 sorption capacity. Among the KAM series sorbents, KAM(0.5) maintained high CO2 sorption capacity of 7.6 wt% after 3 cycle of sorption/regeneration reaction and showed very low attrition loss as low as 3.1 % which was measured by ASTM D5757-95.

Lithium Recovery from NCM Lithium-ion Battery by Carbonation Roasting with Graphite Followed by Water Leaching (NCM계 리튬이온 배터리 양극재의 그라파이트 첨가 탄산화 배소와 수침출에 의한 Li 회수)

  • Lee, So-Yeon;Lee, Dae-Hyeon;Lee, So-Yeong;Sohn, Ho-Sang
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.26-33
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    • 2022
  • Owing to the demand for lithium-ion batteries, the recovery of valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries is required in future. A pyrometallurgical treatment is appropriate for recycling a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries, but Li loss to slag and dust present a significant challenge. This research investigated carbonation roasting and water leaching behaviors in Li-ion batteries by graphite addition to recover Li from the NCM-based cathode materials of waste Li-ion batteries. When 10 wt% of graphite was added, CO and CO2 gases were emitted with a rapid weight reduction at apporoximately 850 K, when heated in Ar and CO2 atmosphere. After the rapid weight reduction, NCM was decomposed and reduced to metal oxides and pure metals. In the carbonation roasting of black powder (NCM+graphite), O2 is generated via the decomposition of NCM, and an oxides, such as Li2O and NiO were were also generated. Subsequently, Li2O reacts with CO2 to generate Li2CO3, and a part of NiO was reduced by graphite to produce metal Ni. In addition, up to 94.5 % Li2CO3 with ~99.95 % purity was recovered via water leaching after carbonation roasting.

Numerical Study on Ignition Delay Time of CH4 as CO/H2 Addition in MILD Combustion (MILD 연소 환경에서 CO/H2 첨가에 따른 CH4의 점화 지연 시간의 해석적 연구)

  • Kim, Donghee;Huh, Kang Y.;Lee, Youngjae
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2021
  • MILD(Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) combustion has attracted attention as the clean thermal energy technology due to the lower emissions of unburnt carbon and NOx. MILD combustion aims to enlarge the combustion reaction zone using the spontaneous ignition phenomenon of the reactants. In this study, the ignition delay time of CH4 according to the initial temperature of reactants and the addition of CO, H2 was investigated using a numerical approach. Ignition delay time became shorter as the increases of initial temperature and H2 addition. But, CO addition to the fuel increase the ignition delay time. In case of H2 addition to the fuel, the ignition delay time decreased because the higher fraction of HO2 promotes the decomposition of methyl radical(CH3) and produce OH radical. However, in case of CO addition to the fuel, ignition delay time inceased because a high proportion of HCO consumes H radical. There was no significant effect of HCO on the reduction of ignition delay time. Also, the increase rates of NO emissions by the addition of CO and H2 were approximately 7% and 1%, respectively. A high proportion of NCO affects the increase in NO production rate.

Introducing an Efficient and Eco-Friendly Spray-Drying Process for the Synthesis of NCM Precursor for Lithium-ion Batteries

  • Hye-Jin Park;Seong-Ju Sim;Bong-Soo Jin;Hyun-Soo Kim
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.168-177
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    • 2024
  • Ni-rich cathode is one of the promising candidates for high-energy lithium-ion battery applications. Due to its specific capacity, easy industrialization, and good circulation ability, Ni-rich cathode materials have been widely used for lithium-ion batteries. However, due to the limitation of the co-precipitation method, including sewage pollution, and the instability of the long production cycles, developing a new efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic approach is critical. In this study, the Ni0.91Co0.06Mn0.03CO3 precursor powder was successfully synthesized by an efficient spray-drying method using carbonate compounds as a raw material. This Ni0.91Co0.06Mn0.03CO3 precursor was calcined by mixing with LiOH·H2O (5 wt% excess) at 480℃ for 5 hours and then sintered at two different temperatures (780℃/800℃) for 15 hours under an oxygen atmosphere to complete the cathode active material preparation, which is a key component of lithium-ion batteries. As a result, LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 cathode active material powders were obtained successfully via a simple sintering process on the Ni0.91Co0.06Mn0.03CO3 precursor powder. Furthermore, the obtained LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 cathode active material powders were characterized. Overall, the material sintered at 780℃ shows superior electrochemical performance by delivering a discharge capacity of 190.76 mAh/g at 1st cycle (0.1 C) and excellent capacity retention of 66.80% even after 50 cycles.

A Study on Prevention of Fouling Formation by Reduction Reaction of CaSO4 in a Biomass Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (바이오매스 순환유동층 연소에서 CaSO4 환원반응에 의한 파울링 발생 방지 연구)

  • Seong-Ju Kim;Sung-Jin Park;Sung-Ho Jo;Se-Hwa Hong;Yong-Il Mun;Tae-Young Mun
    • New & Renewable Energy
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2023
  • A large amount of carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in circulating fluidized bed combustion, the process whereby a hot cyclone separates unburned fuel. However, calcium sulfate (CaSO4), when combined with a high CO content, can cause fouling on the surface of the steam tube installed inside the integrated recycle heat exchangers (INTREX). In this study, CaSO4 decomposition was investigated using 0.2-3.2 vol.% CO and 1-3 vol.% oxygen (O2) at 850℃ for 20 min in a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor. The results show that CaSO4 decomposes into CaS and CaO when CO gas is supplied, and SO2 emissions increase from 135 ppm to 1021 ppm with increasing CO concentration. However, the O2 supply delayed SO2 emissions because the reaction between CO and O2 is faster than that of CaSO4; nevertheless, when supplied with CaCO3, the intermediate product, SO2 was significantly released, regardless of the CO and O2 supply. In addition, agglomerated solids and yellow sulfur power were observed after solid recovery, and the reactor distributor was corroded. Consequently, a sufficient O2 supply is important and can prevent fouling formation on the INTREX surface by suppressing CaSO4 degradation.