• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.307-307
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• 2009

우리나라에서 농가단위 경축순환농업 모델에 대한 조사와 농장내 순환구조에서 양분수지를 조사한 사례도는 미미한 실정이다. 이에 경축연계 자원순환 유기농업농가의 실천사례 발굴하고, 실천모델별 축산형태 및 경종형태를 조사하여 경종부분의 양분순환과 양분수지를 조사하고자 하였다. 발굴된 농가단위 경축순환농업 사례는 3가지 형태로 모두 한우를 11~21두 범위에서 사육하는 동시에 $15,510m^2$의 밭농사를 수행하는 농가, $8,019m^2$의 밭농사와 $8,250m^2$ 논농사를 동시에 수행하는 농가, $26,400m^2$의 논농사만 수행하는 농가들이었다. 각 모델에서 배합사료는 모두 외부에서 구입하고 있었으며 조사료의 자급율은 25 ~ 100%인 것으로 조사되었다. 특히, 한우 20두와 논농사 $26,400m^2$를 경영하는 농가에서 조사료(볏짚)의 100%를 자급하였고 동시에 한우사육과정에서 발생한 자급퇴비를 전량 논농사에 사용하여 유기농 벼농사를 유지하고 있었다. 밭농사를 함께 수행하는 농가에서는 자급퇴비 외에 외부로부터 유박비료 및 발효유기질비료를 구입하여 양분을 충당하고 있었다. 각 농가의 토양이화학성을 분석한 결과 pH는 5.49~7.61, 유기물 함량은 1.37~1.40%, 유효인산 함량 253.32~329.63 mg/kg, 칼륨 0.24~0.3, 칼슘 3.97~10.1, 마그네슘 0.89~1.77 $Cmol^+$/kg, CEC는 7.92~11 $Cmol^+$/kg 이었므며 토양내 잔류농약은 검출되지 않았다. 농가별로 발생한 우분퇴비의 성분 분석결과는 전질소 0.68 ~ 0.73%, 전인산 0.68 ~ 0.86%, 칼륨 0.70~0.78% 수준이었다. 각 사례농가별 투입한 실제시비량, 토양분석결과와 사용된 자재의 성분 분석결과를 이용한 시비처방법에 따른 시비량 및 표준시비법에 따른 시비량을 산출하여 3요소의 양분수지를 계산하였다. 이와 함께 유기질비료의 무기화율을 감안한 시비량도 산출하였다. 양분수지를 분석한 결과 3농가 모두 실제시비량은 3요소 모두 초과 되는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 인산과 칼륨이 2배정도 초과되는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 투입된 자급퇴비 및 유기질비료의 무기화율을 감안한 시비량으로 환산할 경우에는 질소성분이 3농가 모두 부족한 것으로 산출되었으며, 인산과 가리 성분은 충분하거나 초과되는 것으로 계산되었다. 농장내 축산경영을 통해 발생하는 자급퇴비만을 이용할 경우에 경종부문의 양분수지를 산출한 결과를 보면 실제시비량 기준으로 질소는 56~186%, 인산은 90~346%, 칼륨은41~221%로 양분수지가 달라졌으며, 무기화를 감안한 기준으로는 질소는 16~53%, 인산은 52~197%, 칼륨은 41~221%로 양분수지가 달라졌다. 소규모 유기농가단위 경축연계 자원순환 모델 연구를 통해 유기경종농업이 유지될 수 있으나, 3요소별 양분수지의 불균형이 발생할 수 있는 것으로 조사되었으며, 유기질비료의 특성상 무기화율을 감안한 시비량을 적용할 경우에는 질소 성분의 부족과 동시에 인산, 칼륨 성분의 과다가 예측되었다. 따라서 이러한 성분의 불균형을 조정할 시비체계 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구는 농촌진흥청의 "유기가축사양 및 유기 순환체계모델" 연구사업의 세부과제로 수행한 1년차 결과입니다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.44-51
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• 2010

Contamination of groundwater from point and non-point sources is one of major problems of water resource manangement in Jeju island. This study characterized groundwater and soil contamination in Hallim area which is one of the areas of significantly contaminated soil and groundwater in Jeju Island. The amount of loaded contaminant (ALC) of Jeju area was estimated as 13,212 ton N/yr and 3,210 ton P/yr, The ALC of Hallim area was amounted to 2,895 ton N/yr and 1,102 ton P/yr, which accounted for 21.9% and 34.3% of the Jeju's ALC, respectively. The soil pH values (5.6-5.9) were not much different in land use areas. By contrat, average cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 14.1 $cmol^+/kg$ was high comparing to the nationwide range of 7.7-10.9 $cmol^+/kg$. Further, Sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) of horse ranch, pasture, and cultivating land for livestock were as high as 0.19, 0.17, and 0.16 respectively, comparing to the other landuse areas. Nitrate nitrogen at 22.2% of total groundwater wells exceeded 10 mg/L (the criteria of nitrate nitrogen for drinking water), averaginged 6.62 mg/L with maximum 28.95 mg/L. Groundwater types belonged to Mg-$HCO_3$, Na-$HCO_3$, Ca-$HCO_3$, and Na-Cl, among which Mg-$HCO_3$ type occupied more than 70% of the total samples, indicating the presence of anthropogenic sources. The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was negatively related to altitude and well depth, and positively related to the concentration of Ca, Mg, and $SO_4$ which might originate from chemical fertilizer. The ratio of nitrogen isotopes was estimated as an average of 8.10$^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$, and the maximum value of 17.9$^{\circ}/_{\circ\circ}$. According to the nitrogen isotope ratio, the most important nitrogen source was assessed as chemical fertilizer (52.6%) followed by sewage (26.3%) and livestock manures (21.1%).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2005

Beidellite, a member of the smectite group, was synthesized hydrothermally from dickite. Physical and chemical properties of the synthetic Na-beidellite were characterized by the analytical methods of XRD, IR, TG, DTA, EDS, XRF and ICP. The result of Greene-Kelly test indicates that the synthesized smectite is Na-beidellite. IR spectrum of synthesized beidellite exhibited Al-O-H bending vibration at $818\;cm^{-1}\;and\;770\;cm^{-1}$ which was observed particularly in pure beidellite. TGA analysis revealed that the synthesized Na-beidellite comprises $16\;wt\%$ of water. DTA curve showed an endothermic peak at $117^{\circ}C$ due to dehydration reaction and peaks at $482^{\circ}C$ and $685^{\circ}C$ due to dehydroxylation reaction. The clay mineral was transformed to mullite and cristobalite at the temperature of $1028^{\circ}C$. The CEC value, Methylene Blue test and swelling capacity was determined to be $116\~118\;cmol/kg,\;84\~91\%,\;29\~32\;mL/2g$, respectively. The chemical composition of the synthesized phase was identified as $Na_{0.5}Al_{2.5}Si_{3.5}O_{10}(OH)_2$ from EDS and XRF analyses.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1 s.51
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Hectorite was synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal process from $Mg(OH)_{2}$, water glass (${\sim}30\;wt%\;SiO_{2}$) and Li-compound at $90{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. The product shows excellent dispersion and swelling properties. The mixture of the starting materials was heated in a glass vessel for the first reaction with continuous stirring and the pH of the solution was adjusted to $6{\sim}8$, resulting in the formation of a precursor of hectorite. The excess salt components were washed out from the resulting slurry and then was matured in the glass vessel for the 2nd reaction. Li compound was added during the reaction. After a 10 h retention, the gel of hectorite was formed. The XRD pattern of the synthesized one was coincided with that of natural hectorite and SEM study revealed uniform grains 50 m in diameter. The d001 basal spacing of the product moved from 12 to $17.4\;{\AA}$ after glycolation treatment. The measured value of CEC and the swelling capacity was 90 cmol/kg and $60{\sim}70\;mL/2\;g$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effects of cow manure originated from the clay mineral (porphyrite, zeolite and bentonite) feeding on the growth of Zea mays GK729. CEC of the manure after bentonite, zeolite, and porphyrite feeding were 147.5, 137.0, and 114.0 cmol/Kg, respectively. These values were higher than that of non-mineral treated manure, 107.5 cmol/Kg. After 3 month growing, there was significant difference among treatment in the biomass prodcution and the content of minerals in plant tissue of Z. mays, but the physico-chemical properties of soils were not showed significant difference. For these results suggested that the clay mineral enhanced the grwoth of Z. mays according to the unknown mechanism, the further studies on the physiological changes will be needed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the effect of swine liquid manure on the rice growth and yield in 2006. Field experiment was conducted under variable application rates; 100%, 120%, 150%, 180% N level of slurry based on 11 kg N 10a recommended amount of nitrogen. The experimental sites were located at Cheorwon in Gangwondo area. The results were summerized as follows; In the plot treated with swine liquid manure of 150% and 180% N levels, the plant height and tillers were higher, and the color of leaf was darker than that of 100% N level of swine liquid manure. Rice yield in the plot applied with 120% N slurry level was increased at 11%, but those of 150%, 180% N-level application plots were reduced 10, 19% compared to 100% N level, respectively. Rice quality of the 100 and 120% application plots of swine liquid manure was significantly better than those of 150 and 180% levels of application plots. Total nitrogen content in rice plant after harvesting was increased with increasing levels of swine liquid manure. The content of K in the soil was accumulated in plot treated with 150%, 180% slurry compared to control plot. The heavy metal contents in soils were not increased treated with swine liquid manure. The density of bacteria was low in the application plot of 180%N of liquid swine manure. The bacteria/fungi ratio was highest in 120% N level of liquid manure treatment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2007

This study was carried out to determine the effect of continuous application of animal liquid slurry on the growth and yield of rice in 2005. Field experiment was conducted under variable continuous application years of animal liquid slurry; 1, 3, 5 application years of slurry and chemical fertilizer as control plot. The effects of different application years of slurry on the growth characteristics and yield of rice were determined. The plant height and tiller's number of 1 year application of liquid slurry were lower than those of the chemical fertilizer plot. But in the plot of 5 years continuous application of animal slurry, the height and tillers of rice were higher than those of 1 year application. And the color of leaf 5 years application years plot was darker than that of the chemical fertilizer. Yield of the 5 years continuous application of slurry was 4% higher than that chemical fertilizer, but that of 1 year application was decreased 6% compared with chemical fertilizer. The long time application of animal slurry was increased content of organic matter, $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable caution(K) in soil.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2007

Enormous amount of zeolite by-products as a fine powder have been produced while manufacturing commercial zeolite products. Granulation of the zeolite by-products is necessary in order for them to be recycled as soil conditioners or absorbent for various environmental contaminants due to the limitations inherent from their physical properties. We granulated the zeolite powders using Portland cement as a cementing agent and characterized the physical and chemical properties of the granulated zeolite product. The experimental natural zeolite had a Si/Al ratio of 4.8 and CEC of 68.1 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) revealed that clinoptilolite and mordenite were the major minerals of natural zeolite. Smectite, feldspar and quartz also existed as secondary minerals. Optimum conditions of granulated zeolite production occurred when natural zeolite was mixed with Portland cement at a 4:1 ratio and granulated using the extruder, left to harden for one month at $25^{\circ}C$ and treated at $400^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. The wide spectra of XRD revealed that the granulated zeolite had amorphous oxide minerals. The alkali- or thermal-treated natural zeolite exhibited pH-dependent charge properties. The major minerals of the granulated zeolite were clinoptilolite, mordenite and tobermorite. The buffering capacity and charge density of the granulated zeolite were greater than those of natural zeolite.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.242-257
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• 2003

This study surveyed an ecosystem conservation area that is wetland area to establish ecological restoration and preservation plan. Monitoring standard have been set up item, method, period, number of times etc. Result that examine according to monitoring standard, Plant field investigated Flora, actual vegetation. Flora is 132 taxa(39 family 116 species 19 variety 1 forma) appeared and wild species were 85 species, and introduced species were 47 species. Grasped monthly(April∼September) actual vegetation, swampy plant community influence were increase and influence of Persicaria thunbergii was big situation specially. Frequency appearance of naturalized plant is much on field. Animal field investigated Birds, Herpetofauna, Insecta. Birds were appeared 34 species 378 individual and Herpetofauna were appeared 4 species 5 individual and insecta investigated 11 order 52 family 153 species. Inorganic environmental field investigated groundwater level, quality of water, soil quality. Groundwater level is high by 0.0∼89.0cm, $Ca^{++}$ content is some high by 2.18∼13.73cmol/kg in soil. Also we suggested basis direction and each space details plan on monitoring as follow : wetland ecosystem restoration plan, eruption area restoration plan, forest ecosystem restoration plan.n.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.490-497
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• 2011

This study was carried out to identify environmental factor to influence fruiting of Vicia chosenensis populations distributed in Hongcheon-gun region, Korea. The populations was dominated by Quercus mongolica in the tree layer, and Lindera obtusiloba and Lespedeza maximowiczii in the shrub layer. Syneilesis palmata(21%) was abundant around reproductive state points and vegetative state points, and Artemisia stolonifera(13~18%) and Spodiopogon sibiricus(10~11%) show second high frequency in the both points. It was found that the soil moisture content in the Vicia chosenensis population was 20.4~21.9%; 8.6~14.9% for organic matter; 0.3~0.5% for the total N;12.7~16.9 ppm for available phosphorus; 22.5~28.5 $cmol_ckg^{-1}$ for CEC; 5.3~5.5 for soil pH, respectively. The microhabitat of individuals was restricted to areas high in understory light. Especially, reproductive individuals were more likely to be located than vegetative individuals in canopy gaps. Therefore, our results suggest that a proper forest management maintaining canopy gaps is needed for keeping natural Vicia chosenensis population.