• Title/Summary/Keyword: CLs

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WHEN AN $\mathfrak{S}$-CLOSED SUBMODULE IS A DIRECT SUMMAND

  • Wang, Yongduo;Wu, Dejun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.51 no.3
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    • pp.613-619
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    • 2014
  • It is well known that a direct sum of CLS-modules is not, in general, a CLS-module. It is proved that if $M=M_1{\oplus}M_2$, where $M_1$ and $M_2$ are CLS-modules such that $M_1$ and $M_2$ are relatively ojective (or $M_1$ is $M_2$-ejective), then M is a CLS-module and some known results are generalized.

Perception of Clinical Ladder System, Professional Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy, and Organizational Commitment by the Level of Clinical ladder among Intensive Care Unit Nurses (중환자실 간호사의 경력개발제도에 따른 경력개발제도의 인식, 전문직 자아개념, 자기효능감, 조직몰입)

  • Lee, Ji Hyun;Choi, Su Jung
    • Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.51-61
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    • 2022
  • Purpose : This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the clinical ladder system (CLS) by identifying the perception of the CLS, professional self-concept, self-efficacy, and organizational commitment among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Methods : Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 173 nurses working in 11 ICUs at a tertiary hospital in Seoul. Results : The perception of the CLS, self-efficacy, and organizational commitment showed significant difference according to the CLS level. As a result of the partial Spearman correlation analysis after adjusting for demographic difference according to CLS (age, marital status, education, and clinical career), CLS positively correlated with the perception of the CLS (r=.16, p=.045), professional self-concept (r=.24, p=.001), and self-efficacy (r=.21, p=.007). On the contrary, organizational commitment negatively correlated with the perception of the CLS (r=-.43, p<.001) and self-efficacy (r=-.32, p<.001). Conclusion : The CLS is effective for professional self-concept and self-efficacy. However, specialists 2 nurses, who had high professional self-concept and self-efficacy, showed low level of organizational commitment. Thus, it is necessary to examine the factors of work burden and career plateau that are imposed after promotion and improve experience and planning according to the growth needs. Moreover, regular evaluation of the CLS will require hospital support to ensure that ICU nurses appreciate and actively participate in the support.

A Traffic Distribution Scheme for Connectionless Data Service using Multi-Path in ATM Networks (ATM 망에서 다중 경로를 이용한 비연결형 트랙픽의 분산 기법)

  • 서원석;오영열;김석규;이배용;이상배
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.103-118
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    • 1996
  • With the advent of B-ISDN based on ATM technonlogy, ther are increasing needs for the interconnection of existing LAN/MAN's through ATM networks. ATM networks, therefore, must provide connectionless service. In this paper, the traffic distributio scheme using multi-path is proposed to support efficient connectionless service in ATM networks. Because the proposed scheme distributed the bursty traffic arrived in the interworking unit (IWU) and the connectionless server (CLS) from LAN-terminals, it alleviates the packet loss ratio caused by buffer overflow at IWU/CLS and is able to use nettowrk resources efficiently according to the network conditions and the amount of the traffic arrived at IWU/CLS. This paper presents the distribution algorithm and the IWU/CLS, CLS-CLS closed-loop rate control scheme.

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An efficient Methods for Placing the Cooling Lines and Ejector Pins of Injection Mold in 3D CAD system (3D CAD를 이용한 사출금형의 쿨링 라인과 이젝터 핀의 효과적인 배치 방법)

  • Lee, Cheol-Soo;Park, Gwang-Ryeol
    • IE interfaces
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.157-165
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    • 2000
  • In this paper, an efficient method is proposed to place the cooling lines(CLS) and ejector pins(EPS) of mold design. The other components of mold, except CLS and EPS, can be generated automatically by batch processing. But the placements and sizes of CLS and EPS depend on the shapes of a part, so that the design works of CLS and EPS should be processed interactively. Using the pre-defined reference points, the positions of CLS and EPS can be determined interactively. By the proposed method, the interference occurred during placing CLS and EPS can be avoided, and the proper lengths of them can be calculated automatically. The information of the positions and lengths are stored in BOM database for generating a machining data. The proposed method is implemented with Unigraphics API functions and C language, tested on Unigraphics V15.

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Effect of Surfactant Addition on Se Absorption and Growth of Pak-choi and Leaf Lettuce in Hydroponics (수경 재배 시 계면 활성제 첨가가 상추와 청경채의 생육과 Se 흡수에 미치는 영향)

  • Yuna, Hyung-Kwon;Seo, Tae-Cheol;Zhang, Cheong-Hao;Chun, Chang-Hoo
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.124-131
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    • 2009
  • Surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-95) 1, 2, 4mg. $L^{-1}$ and calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) 5, 25, 50, 100mg. $L^{-1}$ were treated to the nutrient solution containing 1.0mg. $L^{-1}$ selenium (Se) to evaluate Se absorption effect using small DFT apparatus. The growth of leaf lettuce and pak-choi did not show unique significance by surfactant kinds and concentration in the tested range and physiological disorder. Vitamin C in leaves of two leafy vegetables was not significantly affected by surfactants also. Among major cations K content in pak-choi was highest in Se I+PVA-95 4mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment, and high in Se I+CLS 5 mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment. Ca content in two leafy vegetables showed increasing pattern by the two kinds of surfactants. Mg content was high in Se I+CLS 25mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment compared to control. Pak-choi absorbed Se about 10 times higher than leafy lettuce. Se content in leaves of two leafy vegetables increased by the treatment of two kinds of surfactants with the exception of CLS 100mg. $L^{-1}$ treatment.

Effect of Organic Admixture(Calcium Lignosulfonate) on the Early Hydration Process of Portland Cement(III) (시멘트 초기수화과정에 대한 유기혼화제의 영향(III))

  • 문정연;최상홀
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.5-10
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    • 1985
  • The effect of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) on the early hydration characteristics for clinker minerals was investigated. In the presence of CLS and unsufficient gypsum The hydration of $C_3$A lowered CLS adsorption to form ettrin-gite and the residual CLS in the liquid phase accelerated the solubility of C4AF hydration. As the result unreacted $Fe^{3+}$ in the liquid phase would be precipitated gelatinously on $C_3$ hydrates and the hydration of $C_3$ could be retarded. But by addition of optimum gypsum into the cement with CLS the presence of $Fe^{3+}$ in the liquid phase were lowered and $C_3$ hydration would be normallized.

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The Improvement of skin barrier function and anti-obesity effect of Codonopsis lanceolata by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

  • Kim, Bora
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.674-681
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    • 2020
  • The root of Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to confirm the comparative effect of ethanol solvent extraction (CLE) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (CLS) of C. lanceolata roots. CLS had higher antioxidant than CLE. For supercritical co-solvent modified carbon dioxide extraction (CLS), it were extracted at 250 bar 50℃ 150 min at a flow rate of ethyl alcohol 3 mL/min for 90min. In addition, CLS inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. When treated with the extract at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reporter luciferase activity of HEK 293-TOP cells increased approximately by 3-folds compared to that of the untreated control group. Also, the treatment by CLS (50 ㎍/mL) showed a significant increase of involucrin expression. These results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extract of C. lanceolatamay serve as a cosmeceutical agent for improving skin barrier function and the treatment of obesity.

Customer Satisfaction from Open Source Software Services in the Presence of Commercially Licensed Software

  • Moon, Jung Oh;Lee, Habin;Kim, Jong Woo;Aktas, Emel;Tsohou, Aggeliki;Choi, Youngseok
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.473-499
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    • 2015
  • The limited literature on Open Source Software (OSS) customers' adoption does not provide explanations on how OSS services are adopted by customers in the presence of functionally superior commercially licensed software (CLS). This paper aims to uncover the process that shapes customer satisfaction of OSS services in comparison to CLS. Expectation Disconfirmation Theory (EDT) is adapted and integrated with pre implementation factor model that influences software customers' expectations including cost, reputation, and experience. The constructed research model is empirically validated using a field survey of OSS and CLS database management system (DBMS) customers in Korea. The theoretical contribution of the paper lies on the application of EDT to explain the wide adoption of OSS DBMS services in the presence of functionally superior CLS DBMSs. Furthermore, this paper integrates EDT with pre-implementation factors for customers' expectations, which has been considered a limitation of the theory. Among the practical contributions, this study draws attention to the substantive differences between OSS and CLS customers' expectations. Additionally, it offers initial explanations for the differences in customer behavior for OSS and CLS and the way that customers' expectations and actual performance are mingled together to form customer satisfaction.

Effects of Stacking Sequence on the Application of the Single Specimen Technique to CLS Specimen (단일시편방법의 CLS 시편 적용시 적층성이 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Gyeong-Yeop;Yang, Jun-Ho
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.23 no.11 s.170
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    • pp.1952-1959
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    • 1999
  • The work factor approach, so-called single specimen technique could be used to determine energy release rate from a single test record for unidirectional CLS specimen. In the present study, the work factor approach was extended to determine the mixed-mode fracture toughness of multi-directional graphite/epoxy laminated composites. Multi-directional CLS specimens were used for fracture tests. The stacking sequences used for the lap and the strap were $[90_2/0_2]_s/[0_4/90_4]_s$ and $[0/\pm45/0]_s/[0_2/\pm45_2/0_2]_2$, respectively. For both cases, the fracture toughness determined from the work factor approach was compared with that determined from the compliance method. It was found that both methods produced fracture toughness within a maximum 15% difference for each stacking sequence. The fractography analysis also showed that the fiber bridging occurred for$[0/\pm45/0]_s/[0_2/\pm45_2/0_2]_2$ case while it did not occur for $[90_2/0_2]_s/[0_4/90_4]_s$ case.

Elastic Work Factor of CLS Specimen and Determination of $G_c$ for Graphite/Peek Composites by Using the Elastic Work Factor (CLS 시편의 탄성일인자 유도 및 이를 적용한 열가소성 Graphite/Peek 복합재의 파괴인성 $G_c$ 측정)

  • Lee, Gyeong-Yeop
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.20 no.9
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    • pp.2792-2799
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    • 1996
  • It was shown in the previous study that the numerically derived elastic work factor for CLS specimen was independent of fiber direction for a unidirectional case. Also, it was proposed the elastic work factor could be used to determine energy release rate from a single test record. In the present study, elastic work factor was derived from a simple beam theory to investigate its dependence on material property and geometric condition. Also, the elastic work factor of CLS specimen was applied experimentally to determine critical energy release rate in order to prove its validity determining critical energy release rate from a single specimen. For this purpose, critical energy release rate determined using the elastic work factor was compared with that determined by the compliance method. The results showed that while elastic work factor is affected by $t_2/t_1$ and $L_2/L_1$ it is independent of fiber angle for a unidirectional case. It was also found that critical energy release rates determined by both methods are comparable each other, thus elastic work factor approach can be used to determine energy release rate from a single test specimen.