• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2001

Stabilized Cross-linking Enzyme Crystals(CLEC) can be used as not only biocatalysts but also as enzyme sensors. PMS(Phenylmethyl Sulfate)was shown more efficience than any other electron mediator transfers toward HLADH(Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase)that were examined. NQS(naphtoquinonesulphonate), phenothiazine and ferrocene aldehyde had respectively just 52%, 37%, 35% electron transfer efficiency as compared to PMS . HLADH-CLEC was very stable toward elctron transfer mediators such as PMS, NQS and ferrocene aldehyde in which HLADH-solution was unstable.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.164-167
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• 2004

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19, abbreviated as CGTase) is one of the most applied industrial enzymes that produces cyclodextrins from starch and related ${\alpha}$-1,4-glucans by intramolecular transglycosylation reaction upon Ca$\^$2＋/ dependent manner. The reaction of CLEC, ${\alpha}$-CGTases from Bacillus macerans with the soluble starch as a substrate reveals that the surfactants (SDS, N-octyl-${\beta}$-D-glucoside) significantly affect not only the overall products of CDs but also their selectivity. The surfactants (SDS, Lubrol PX) trigger the increase of ${\alpha}$-CD production, but Triton x-100 and Tween 80 suppress ${\alpha}$-CD specificity. Organic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide, 2-methyl-2,4-pentandiol, and ethylene glycol) also cause changes of total product and product selectivity.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

The tendency of the technology that is aggregated voice and data circuit is VoP, especially VoIP. But if we try VoP, we have to throw away well structured and well known TDM resources. In this case CLEC and ILEC will encounter lots of troubles about standardization of progress of network evolution, heavy cost of network construction and so on. Therefore in this paper, I suggest designing VoDSL terminal and its operation environment (such as DSLAM) based on TDM. This designed VoDSL terminal can be installed with the DSLAM between PSTN and ISP without any additional facilities. This is more convenient low cost, operation and easier to construct than VoP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1026-1035
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• 2011

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which owes its origin to the marine environment, is considered as one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea worldwide. The present study investigated the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus against the model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection in the host was localized with GFP-tagged V. parahaemolyticus using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The times required for causing infection, bacterial load in intestine, chemotactic response, and alteration in pharyngeal pumping were analyzed in the host system. In addition, the regulation of innate immune-related genes, lys-7, clec- 60, and clec-87, was analyzed using real-time PCR. The role of immune-responsible pmk-1 was studied using mutant strains. The pathogenicity of environmental strain CM2 isolated from the Gulf of Mannar, India was compared with that of a reference strain obtained from ATCC. The pathogen infected animals appeared to ward off infection by up-regulating candidate antimicrobial genes for a few hours after the exposure, before succumbing to the pathogen. For the first time, the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus at both the physiological and molecular levels has been studied in detail using the model organism C. elegans.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

Melatonin, which is the main product of the pineal gland, has well documented antioxidant and immune-modulatory effects. Macrophages produce molecules that are known to play roles in inflammatory responses. We conducted microarray analysis to evaluate the global gene expression profiles in response to treatment with melatonin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, eight genes were subjected to real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to confirm the results of the microarray. The cells were treated with LPS or melatonin plus LPS for 24 hr. LPS induced the up-regulation of 1073 genes and the down-regulation of 1144 genes when compared to the control group. Melatonin pretreatment of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells resulted in the down regulation of 241 genes and up regulation of 164 genes. Interestingly, among genes related to macrophage-mediated immunity, LPS increased the expression of seven genes (Adora2b, Fcgr2b, Cish, Cxcl10, Clec4n, Il1a, and Il1b) and decreased the expression of one gene (Clec4a3). These changes in expression were attenuated by melatonin. Furthermore, the results of real-time PCR were similar to those of the microarray. Taken together, these results suggest that melatonin may have a suppressive effect on LPS-induced expression of genes involved in the regulation of immunity and defense in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Moreover, these results may explain beneficial effects of melatonin in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.114-122
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• 2002

최근의 음성과 데이터 융합기술은 VoP중에서 VoIP가 주목받고 있다. VoP로 가기 위해서는 기존의 귀중한 TDM 자원들을 버려야만 한다. 이 경우 CLEC 및 ILEC들은 망 진화에 따른 표준화와 고비용 구조의 망 구축 문제 등에 봉착하게 되는 등, 여러 가지 문제들을 극복해야만 한다. 이 논문에서는 TDM 방식에 근거한 DSLAM 환경에서의 VoDSL 터미널의 설계안을 제시한다. 이 VoDSL 터미널은 TDM 백 플레인의 DSLAM과 함께 PSTN과 ISP간에 별도의 추가적인 장비 없이 설치 운용 될 수 있다. 저 비용 구조의 설치 및 운용으로 VoP 방식보다는 쉽고 편리한 방안으로 검토할 가치가 있다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.17 no.4 s.76
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• pp.16-28
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• 2002

전세계적인 경기 침체에도 불구하고 벤처 캐피탈로부터 수억 달러의 투자 자금을 끌어 모아 2001년 한해 큰 주목을 받았던 메트로 이더넷 서비스 사업자들이 최근 주춤하고 있다. 메트로 이더넷 서비스 시장의 선두 주자였던 Yipes Communications가 2002년 3월 추가적인 투자 자금 모집 실패 및 재무 유동성 악화로 인하여 미국 법원에 파산 보호를 신청한 것을 비롯해, 이보다 앞서 또 다른 메트로 이더넷 서비스 사업자인 Sigma Networks도 불과 창업 1년 만에 문을 닫고 말았기 때문이다. 이로 인해 일각에서는 이제 메트로 이더넷 서비스 비즈니스 모델을 다시 제고해야 할 시점이라면서, 메트로 이더넷 서비스 사업자들도 결국 과거 CLEC들과 같은 전철을 밟게 되지는 않을까 우려하는 목소리가 높다. 이에 본 고에서는 메트로 이더넷 서비스 비즈니스 모델을 현재 시점에서 재조명하고, 최근 시장 현황 그리고 앞으로의 발전 전망에 대하여 간략하게 살펴보았다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.18 no.1 s.79
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• pp.91-105
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• 2003

FCC는 통신법(1996)에서 시내망(local network)의 경쟁활성화를 위한 조치로 상호접속과 시내서비스 재판매와 함께 UNEs를 의무화하였다. 미국의 경우 ILECs이 CLECs에게 제공해야 할 UNEs에는 기본적으로 가입자선로를 포함하여 시내교환기, 탄뎀교환기 등 7가지가 있다. 여기에서 가입자선로의 주문, 제공, 유지보수, 과금에 사용되는 OSS에 대한 접속을 제공하도록 하고 있는 것은 다른 국가에 비해 독특한 내용이다. 2002년 현재 FCC는 UNEs의 도입 이후 지금까지의 성과에 대하여 검토하고 있으며 아울러 시내서비스부문의 경쟁을 더욱 촉진하기 위해 기존 UNEs 관련 규정들을 재검토하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미국의UNEs 제공대가의 산정방식 및 기술적, 운영적 문제 등 주요 이슈를 검토하였다. 그리고, UNEs 도입 이후미국의 통신시장 변화와 UNEs의 재검토 과정에서 제시되고 있는 주요 의견들을 검토하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.478-483
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• 2020

Kudoa septempunctata is a myxozoan parasite that causes food poisoning in individuals consuming olive flounder. The present study aimed to investigate the currently insufficiently elucidated early molecular mechanisms of inflammatory responses in the intestine owing to parasite ingestion. After Kudoa spores were isolated from olive flounder, HT29 cells were exposed to spores identified to be alive using SYTO-9 and propidium iodide staining or to antigens of Kudoa spores (KsAg). IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and NFKB1 expression and NF-κB activation were assessed using real-time PCR, cytokine array and western blotting. The immunofluorescence of FITC-conjugated lectins, results of ligand binding assays using Mincle-Fc and IgG-Fc, CLEC4E expressions in response to KsAg stimulation, and Mincle-dependent NF-κB activation were assessed to clarify the early immune-triggering mechanism. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, GM-CSF and TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8, CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL1) and NF-κB activation (pNF-κB/NF-κB) in HT29 cells increased following stimulation by KsAg. The immunofluorescence results of spores and lectins (concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin) suggested the importance of Mincle in molecular recognition between Kudoa spores and intestinal cells. Practically, data for Mincle-Fc and KsAg binding affinity, CLEC4E mRNA expression, Mincle immunofluorescence staining and hMincle-dependent NF-κB activation demonstrated the involvement of Mincle in the early immune-triggering mechanism. The present study newly elucidated that the molecular recognition and immune-triggering mechanism of K. septempunctata are associated with Mincle on human intestinal epithelial cells.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.26-31
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• 2019

[Purpose] Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that it is possible to prescribe exercise for neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, despite the availability of diverse scientific knowledge, the effects of exercise in this regard are still unclear. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate a substance, such as black chokeberry (Aronia melanocapa L.) that could improve the ability of the treatment and enhance the benefits of exercising in neurodegenerative diseases. [Methods] The cell viability was tested with 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolim-5-carboxanilide and the cells were stained with ethidium homodimer-1 solution. The mRNA expression levels were evaluated by microarray. The active compounds of black chokeberry ethanolic extract (BCE) were analyzed by gas chromatography. The chemical shift analysis in the brain was performed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [Results] BCE treatment decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced L6 cell death and beta amyloid induced primary neuronal cell death. Furthermore, BCE treatment significantly reduced the mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors, such as IL-1α, Cxcl13, IL36rn, Itgb2, Epha2, Slamf8, Itgb6, Kdm6b, Acvr1, Cd6, Adora3, Cd27, Gata3, Tnfrsf25, Cd40lg, Clec10a, and Slc11a1, in the primary neuronal cells. Next, we identified 16 active compounds from BCE, including D-mannitol. In vivo, BCE (administered orally at a dosage of 50 mg/kg) significantly regulated chemical shift in the brain. [Conclusion] Our findings suggest that BCE can serve as a candidate for neurodegenerative disease therapy owing to its cyto-protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, BCE treatment is expected to prevent damage to the muscles and neurons of the athletes who continue high intensity exercise. In future studies, it would be necessary to elucidate the effects of combined BCE intake and exercise.