• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권3호
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• pp.226-236
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• 2021

Background: Although the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) is widely used to identify influenza A and B, the diagnostic accuracy of this test remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of this test compared to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and a hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic curve (HSROC) of this test for identifying influenza A and B were determined using meta-analysis. A sensitivity subgroup analysis was performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity within selected studies. Results: We identified 17 studies involving 8,334 patients. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR of the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza FIA for identifying influenza A were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.83), 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98-0.99), and 251.26 (95% CI, 139.39-452.89), respectively. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR of this test for identifying influenza B were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60-0.82), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99), and 140.20 (95% CI, 55.92-351.54), respectively. The area under the HSROC for this test for identifying influenza A was similar to that for identifying influenza B. Age was considered a probable source of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Pooled sensitivities of the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza FIA for identifying influenza A and B did not quite meet the target level (≥80%). Thus, caution is needed when interpreting data of this study due to substantial betweenstudy heterogeneity.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2023

In recent years, solid-state Li metal batteries (SSLBs) have attracted significant attention as the next-generation batteries with high energy and power densities. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and the resulting pulverization of Li during repeated plating/stripping processes must be addressed for practical applications. Herein, we report a plastic-crystal-based polymer/ceramic composite solid electrolyte (PCCE) to resolve these issues. To fabricate the one-side ceramic-incorporated PCCE (CI-PCCE) film, a mixed precursor solution comprising plastic-crystal-based polymer (succinonitrile, SN) with garnet-structured ceramic (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, LLZO) particles was infused into a thin cellulose membrane, which was used as a mechanical framework, and subsequently solidified by using UV-irradiation. The CI-PCCE exhibited good flexibility and a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of over 10^-3 S cm^-1. The Li symmetric cell assembled with CI-PCCE provided enhanced durability against Li dendrite penetration through the solid electrolyte (SE) layer than those with LLZO-free PCCEs and exhibited long-term cycling stability (over 200 h) for Li plating/stripping. The enhanced Li⁺ transference number and lower interfacial resistance of CI-PCCE indicate that the ceramic-polymer composite layer in contact with the Li anode enabled the uniform distribution of Li⁺ flux at the interface between the Li metal and CI-PCCE, thereby promoting uniform Li plating/stripping. Consequently, the Li//LiFePO₄ (LFP) full cell constructed with CI-PCCE demonstrated superior rate capability (~120 mAh g^-1 at 2 C) and stable cycle performance (80% after 100 cycles) than those with ceramic-free PCCE.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2005

Background: This study compared the performance of trauma care in an urban and a suburban hospital before and after the enhancement of emergency and intensive care. Method: The medical records of patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit following trauma from 1994 to 1995 and from 2002 to 2003 were examined. The standardized W (Ws), the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the Ws, and the predicted survival rate (Ps) were calculated. During each period, each hospital's actual survival rate was compared with the 95% CI of the Ps according to the revised trauma score (RTS) and injury severity score (ISS). Spell out RTS and ISS. Result: From 1994 to 1995, 225 and 121 records from the urban and the suburban hospitals were reviewed, respectively. The 95% CI's of the Ws were -2.30 to 2.73 and -11.40 to -5.90, respectively. The actual survival rate of the suburban hospital was significantly lower than the predicted survival rate at all RTS. From 2002 to 2003, 315 and 268 records from the urban and the suburban hospitals were reviewed, respectively. The 95% CI's of the Ws was -3.56 to 0.24 and -3.73 to 0.26, respectively. There was no difference between the actual survival rate and the predicted survival rate. Conclusion: An enlargement of the capacities of emergency and intensive care may improve the performance of trauma care at a small suburban hospital.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2004

COSMOS는 1990년부터 개발되어 현재까지 현장실험 및 시스템 검증과 여러 차례의 기능개선을 통하여 점차 안정화 되어가고 있으며, 그 효율성이 입증되어 서울시 전역으로 확산되고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 현재는 CI의 옵셋패턴이 한쪽 축 방향의 유입/유출 이동류에 의해서만 산출되고 있어, 다른 축방향에 속한 교차로는 자신과 무관한 옵셋패턴에 의해 운영되는 경우가 발생한다. 또한 Sub Area 결합/분리시 CI의 유입/유출 방향의 축에 속한 Sub Area와의 결합/분리만이 가능한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 CI의 동서와 남북 축 각각의 유입/유출 방향을 설정하여, 두 축의 옵셋패턴과 현재 운영 주축을 계산하여 설정하도록 하였다. Sub Area 내의교차로들은 자신이 속한 축의 옵셋패턴에 의해 운영되며, 결합/분리시에는 주축방향간의 '결합'과 이외의 경우의 '연동'의 개념으로 운영되도록 하였다. 개선된 알고리즘은 COSMOS 운영 S/W에 탑재하여, 강남구 10여개 교차로를 대상으로 기능성 평가 및 효율성 평가를 실시하였다. 평가 결과 개선 알고리즘이 기존방식보다 통행시간을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Sleep Medicine
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a predicting model for the optimal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patient with obesity by using a machine learning. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 162 OSA patients who had obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25] and undertaken successful CPAP titration study. We divided the data to a training set (90%) and a test set (10%), randomly. We made a random forest model and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression model to predict the optimal pressure by using the training set, and then applied our models and previous reported equations to the test set. To compare the fitness of each models, we used a correlation coefficient (CC) and a mean absolute error (MAE). Results: The random forest model showed the best performance {CC 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.93], MAE 1.20}. The lasso regression model also showed the improved result [CC 0.78 (95% CI 0.42-0.93), MAE 1.26] compared to the Hoffstein equation [CC 0.68 (95% CI 0.23-0.89), MAE 1.34] and the Choi's equation [CC 0.72 (95% CI 0.30-0.90), MAE 1.40]. Conclusions: Our random forest model and lasso model ($26.213+0.084{\times}BMI+0.004{\times}$apnea-hypopnea index+$0.004{\times}oxygen$ desaturation index-$0.215{\times}mean$ oxygen saturation) showed the improved performance compared to the previous reported equations. The further study for other subgroup or phenotype of OSA is required.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1881-1891
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• 2022

Objective: The present study aimed to quantify the effects of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on broiler chickens' performance by employing a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 16 studies were included in the database after being systematically selected using a PRISMA protocol. Hedges' g effect size was used to quantify pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effects models at 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Publication bias among studies was computed with Egger's test and visualized using funnel plots. Results: Results indicated that dietary FSBM inclusion increased final body weight (BW) (SMD = 0.586, 95% CI: 0.221 to 0.951, p = 0.002) of broiler chickens, particularly in starter period (SMD = 0.691, 95% CL: 0.149 to 1.233, p = 0.013) while in the finisher period, the effect was weaker (SMD = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.015 to 1.004, p = 0.043). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected with FSBM inclusion when compared to control. Subgroup analysis revealed that FI increased in starter period (SMD = 0.582, 95% CI: 0.037 to 1.128, p = 0.036). When considering types of microorganism as moderating variables in the subgroup analysis, we found that Aspergillus oryzae, mixed probiotics+bromelain protease, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus bacteria significantly increased ADG and FI (p<0.01). Additionally, either Bacillus subtilis+protease or Bacillus subtilis alone decreased FCR (p<0.001). However, meta-regression analysis showed that levels of FSBM inclusion had no effects on final BW (p = 0.502), ADG (p = 0.588), FI (p = 0.861), and FCR (p = 0.462). Conclusion: Substituting SBM in broiler chickens' diet with FSBM improved BW of broiler chickens, especially in the starter period whereas the effects on ADG, FI, and FCR were mostly dependent on microbial strains used for fermentation.

• 음성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2005

The cochlear implantation(CI) as an useful tool for aural rehabilitation in bilateral severe to profound hearing impairment. However, CI prefer to usually one ear in spite of bilateral hearing impaired. because of the various characteristics of hearing loss, the hearing conservation for the future possibility, and socioeconomic condition of hearing impaired person and their families. The unilateral CI has limitations such as a directional loss, a difficult speech understanding in noise and a neural plasticity. These limitations will be overcome by hearing aid(HA) which is familiar with hearing impairer. but HA fitting for bimodal-binaural hearing are difficult because the difference output characteristic of HA and CI. This study will be confirm realities of use of HA in unilateral cochlear implantee. For this goal, 25(m:f=10:15) child participated who are used to HA for 1 to 17 months. We had telephone interviews with their mother about use of HA, change of auditory performance and own voice. As the results, hearing threshold levels of unimplanted ear, the use of a appropriate HA, implanted and aided hearing threshold level(HTL) are must be considered for successful biomodal-binaural hearing. Especially, implanted and aided HTL should be very useful parameter for a prediction of HA effect and a criterion of selection for bilateral cochlear implantation.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze physical symptom-related and life-style factors affecting suicidal ideation of senior grade students in elementary school. Methods: Physical symptom-related and life-style factors were used to investigate suicidal ideation among 663 elementary school students. From February 11 to 15, 2018, data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using the $x^2$ test, Pearson correlation analysis, and logistic regression analysis in SPSS for Windows version 22.0. Results: The factors affecting suicidal ideation were gender, family structure, economic status, academic performance, exposure to school violence during the past year, physical symptoms, drinking experience, smoking experience, sleeping time, and ramen noodle consumption. The regression analysis showed that exposure to school violence during the past year (odds ratio [OR]: 102.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.19~207.19, p=.001), number of physical symptoms (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12~1.41, p=.001), drinking experience (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.66~6.06, p=.001), and game and internet usage time (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.08~4.01, p=.029) affected suicidal ideation. Conclusion: This study revealed that physical symptoms and life-style significantly influenced suicidal ideation. Therefore, interventions to reduce suicidal ideation in children must focus on improving children's physical symptoms and life-style.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2012

Objectives: This study examines the situation regarding smoking among high school students in Seoul Province and identifies smoking-related factors. Methods: The study sample consisted of 1,000 high school second-grade students from 6 high schools in Seoul. The PRECEDE model was used to assess the students' needs. We carried out an educational diagnosis on attitudes, outcome expectations and social norms. Date were collected from June. 7 to 21, 2011, and were analyzed using SPSS-15.0 according to the study objectives. Results: Of 906 respondents, 9.4% had experiences to smoking: 12.7% were male and 5.7% were female. Smoking-related factors from among general characteristics were statistically significant depending on the degree of gender($x^2$=14.515, p=.001), school performance($x^2$=40.289, p=.001) and friends 'smoking status($x^2$=88.615, p=.001). Factors concerning attitudes toward smoking were statistically significant depending on the students' perceptions as follows: 'Smoking is fun(t=-14.801, p=.000)', 'Smoking looks cool(t=-10.349, p=.000)', 'People who smoke have more friends(t=-11.295, p=.000)', 'Smoking helps me manage stress(t=-15.059, p=.000)' and 'Smoking is not harmful to the body if you exercise(t=-6.388, p=.000)'. Factors concerning outcome expectations were statistically significant depending on their perceptions as follows: 'Tobacco smells good(t=-8.939, p=.000)' and 'Smoking helps in weight management (t=-7.304, p=.000)'. Factors concerning social norms were statistically significant depending on the following perception: 'My friends will not like it if I smoke(t=4.605, p=.000)'. The following influence high school students attitudes toward smoking: School performance (OR=11.66, 95%CI=1.67~81.37; OR=18.27, 95%CI=2.58~129.24; OR=26.74, 95%CI=3.06~233.79), Friends smoking status(OR=80.05, 95%CI=6.94~922.77), 'Smoking is fun(OR=12.90, 95%CI=3.87~43.04; OR=63.41, 95%CI=10.66~377.09)', 'Smoking looks cool(OR=0.15, 95%CI=0.03~0.64)', 'Smoking is not harmful to the body if you exercise(OR=1.44, 95%CI=0.03~0.62)', 'When there is no work to do, smoking is a good way to pass the time(OR=21.68, 95%CI=4.27~109.90)', 'When you are angry, smoking calms you down.(OR=13.39, 95%CI=3.92~45.65; OR=8.69, 95%CI=1.67~45.13)' and 'My parents consider it important that I do not smoke(OR=10.05, 95%CI=1.00~100.43)'. Conclusions: The study suggests that effective ways to discourage of high school students from smoking are changing their attitudes toward smoking, reducing the motivation to smoke, and controlling the number of cigarettes. Therefore, aiming at preventive education. Schools must provide accurate information about the effects of smoking. Thus, health education should actively involve preventive education not only in schools but also at home, the societal and national levels. Cooperation between various sectors of society is required for this.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2018

In this work, optimization of blade shape for the improvement of mixture formation and vortex of intake port was performed by numerically, and the combustion performance of CI engine with optimized blade shape was investigated. To achieve this, 3 types of blade shape were studied under the different air flow mass conditions and the numerical results were investigated in terms of humidification water, moisture concentration, and velocity distributions. Evaporated liquid mass was also compared under various test conditions to reveal the turbulent intensity in an intake port. It was observed that the optimized blade shape can improve the humidification water, moisture concentration, and velocity distributions of intake port inside. The evaporated liquid mass was also increased under the conditions with blade. Especially, low NOx emissions was observed with optimized blade condition.