• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2000

In order to examine the availability and effectiveness of crab shell for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution the crab shell was compared with cation exchange resin(CER), zeolite granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon(PAC) on aspects of heavy metal removal capacity rate and efficiency. In the removal of Pb, Cd and Cr, the heavy metal removal capacity of crab shell was higher than those of any other sorbents (CER, zeolite, GAC, PAC) and the order of heavy metal removal capacity was crab shell>CER>zeolite>PAC GAC. However in the removal of Cu, the result of crab shell was slightly lower than that of CER. The initial heavy metal removal rate was affected by the sorts of sorbents and metals. In all heavy metals the heavy metal removal rate of crab shell was higher than those of any other sorbents. Under the heavy metal concentration of 1.0 mmole/$\ell$ the heavy metal removal efficiency of crab shell was maintained as 93~100% which was much higher than those of any other sorbents.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was designed to analyse economical efficiency of home care service by comparing a cost-effectiveness ratio(CER) between hospitalization and home care service. Method: The analytic framework of this study was constructed in 5 stages; perspective of the analysis, measurement of costs, measurement of effects, analysis of CER, and sensitivity analysis. The SAS program was utilized for the general characteristics of the subjects, descriptive statistics, homogeneous test, normality test and difference test. Result: The results were as follows; 1) CER was 35,248,256 of ADL, 7,996,026 of nursing satisfaction, 6,144,946,000 of QALY of patients in the hospital and 11,168,863 of ADL, 2,322,239 of nursing satisfaction, 3,674,556,000 of QALY of patients in the home care center. ICER was 438,067,932 of ADL, -190,044,176 of nursing satisfaction, 8,615,336,000 of QALY. 2) In the sensitivity analysis of sex, age and discount rate, the CER of patients in the home care center was lower than the CER of patients in the hospital. Conclusion: With these findings, it affirmed that home care service had an economical efficiency compared with hospitalization in cerebrovascular disease patients. Therefore, these results will be used to develop governmental policy or expansion of the home care service.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.93-100
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• 1999

ATM 망을 이용한 MPEG-2 화상 서비스 제공 시 망에서 발생하는 셀손실과 셀오류에 따른 서비스 품질의 저하를 사용자의 주관적인 관점에서 평가하여 CLR, CER과 MPEG-2 비디오의 주관적인 QoS 간의 관계를 연구한다. NEM모듈을 이용하여 망에 의한 셀손실과 셀오류를 정규, 지수함수 분포로 발생시켰으며 비디오 소스는 움직임 특성에 따라 드라마, 스포츠로 나누어 시험한다. 시험결과 주관적 QoS 등급5(Excellent)의 서비스 품질을 만족시키기 위한 망의 CLR 및 CER은 CLR&CER < $2{\times}10^{-7}$ 이었고, 주관적 QoS 등급4(Good)의 서비스 품질을 만족시키기 위한 망의 CLR 및 CER은 CLR&CER < $2{\times}10^{-6}$ 이었다. 본 연구결과는 ATM 망을 이용한 MPEG-2 화상 서비스 제공시 사용자가 요구하는 서비스 품질을 만족시키기 위한 망의 성능 목표치를 결정하고 망을 설계하는데 유용한 자료로서 활용할 수 있다.

• 산업공학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2012

The acquisition cost of defense weapon system has been continuously increasing because of art-of-technology of it. This phenomenon requires efficiency and transparency in the weapon system acquisition process through cost estimation. Therefore cost estimation is very important to the government acquisition programs to support decisions about funding and to evaluate resource requirement as a key decision point. The Commercial parametric cost estimating models have been using extensively to obtain appropriate cost estimates in early acquisition phase. These models have many restrictions to ensure the cost estimating result in Korean defense environment because they are developed based on foreign R&D data. Also estimation results are different from Korean defense industry accounting system. So, some studies have been tried to develop a CER (Cost Estimation Relationship) based on the Korean historical data. However, there are some restrictions to improve the predictability and ensure the stability of the developed singular CERs which consider the following data characteristics individually. The the abnormal conditions of data that is multicollinearity, outlier and heteroscedasticity under rack of the number of observations. In this paper, a CER's Linear Combining Model is proposed to overcome those limitations which guarantee more accurate estimation (25.42% higher precision) than other singular CERs. At least, this study is meaningful as a first attempt to improve the predictability of CER with insufficient data. The methodology suggested in this study will be useful to develop a complex Korean version cost estimating model development in future.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2011

Here we have investigated how lactosylceramide (LacCer) modulates gene expression of adhesion molecules in TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN ${\gamma}$ (CM)-stimulated astrocytes. We have observed that stimulation of astrocytes with CM increased the gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. D-Threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) and N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NBDNJ), inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase (GLS) and LacCer synthase (galactosyltransferase, GalT-2), inhibited the gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and activation of their gene promoter induced by CM, which were reversed by exogenously supplied LacCer. Silencing of GalT-2 gene using its antisense oligonucleotides also attenuated CM-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, which were reversed by LacCer. PDMP treatment and silencing of GalT-2 gene significantly reduced CM-induced luciferase activities in NF-${\kappa}B$, AP-1, GAS, and STAT-3 luciferase vectors-transfected cells. In addition, LacCer reversed the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and STAT-1 luciferase activities by PDMP. Taken together, our results suggest that LacCer may play a crucial role in the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 via modulating transcription factors, such as NF-${\kappa}B$, AP-1, STAT-1, and STAT-3 in CM-stimulated astrocytes.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2010

Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD)법으로 성장된 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{1-x}Al_x)_{0.5}P$/GaAs 이중 이종접합 구조의 특성을 contactless electroreflectance (CER) 분광법으로 조사하였다. CER 측정은 변조전압($V_{ac}$), 온도 및 dc 바이어스 전압($V_{bias}$)의 함수로 수행하였다. 상온에서는 5개의 신호가 관측되었는데, 이 신호들은 각각 GaAs, $In_{0.5}Ga_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.73}Al_{0.27})_{0.5}P$, $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.5}Al_{0.5})_{0.5}P$ 및 $In_{0.5}(Ga_{0.2}Al_{0.8})_{0.5}P$ 전이에 관련된 것이다. CER 스펙트럼의 온도 의존성으로부터 Varshni 계수 및 평탄인 자를 구하였다. 그리고 인가전압에 따른 신호의 진폭은 순방향 바이어스 전압 인가시 점차로 감소하나, 역방향 바이어스 전압 인가시에는 반대의 경향을 보였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.118-122
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• 1989

Candida utilis를 model균주로 하여 세포증식과 기질소모를 on-line 간접측정하고자 개인용 컴퓨터(IBM PC-AT)와 interface된 quadrupole mass spectrometer로 발효 배기가스를 분석하였다. 5분마다 연속적으로 분석되는 질소, 산소, 이산화 탄소 및 수증기의 mole백분율(%)로부터 산소 소비속도(OUR)와 이산화 탄소 발생속도(CER)를 on-line으로 계산하였다. 미리 실험 결과치로부터 결정한 maintenance와 수율 상수들($k_1k_2 $ 값을 이용하여 세포농도와 기질인 포도당의 농도를 on-line으로 간접추정하였다. 간접추정된 값들은 실험적으로 측정한 세포농도 및 기질농도와 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 1989

Quadrupole mass spectrometer를 이용한 발효 배기가스의 분석을 통해 세포의 증식을 on-line monitoring하고자 model 균주로 Candida utilis에 대해 연구하였다. Quadrupole mass spectrometer와 interface된 16-bit 개인용 컴퓨터 (IBM PC-AT)에서 산소 소비속도(OUR)와 이산화탄소 발생속도(CER)를 on-line 계산할 수 있었고 계속해서 이들 계산치로부터 세포농도와 증식속도 및 비증식속도를 계산하였다. 계산된 값들은 실험적으로 측정한 세포농도 및 비증식속도와 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.44-45
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• 2020

Korea has the fourth highest CO₂ emission among OECD countries in 2018, As of 2019, total greenhouse gas emissions per capita increased by about 98.2% in comparison to 1990. Korea has promised a 37% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 from the projected Paris Climate Change Accord. Currently, many countries use the emissions trading system(ETS) for international carbon management. In 2015, ETS has been implemented in Korea, and the importance of calculating CO₂ emissions from construction machinery has increased. So, we require an accurate calculation of the environmental charges through the allocated CERs. Using the CER price and related search keywords, this paper derive about prediction models of CER price and compare and focus on more accurate prediction about CER price. By this method, the budget needed to establish the initial construction process plan can be calculated based on more accurate predicted CER price.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.505-512
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• 2017

Toxoplasma gondii cathepsin C proteases (TgCPC1, 2, and 3) are important for the growth and survival of T. gondii. In the present study, B-cell and T-cell epitopes of TgCPC1 were predicted using DNAstar and the Immune Epitope Database. A TgCPC1 DNA vaccine was constructed, and its ability to induce protective immune responses against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice was evaluated in the presence or absence of the adjuvant ${\alpha}-GalCer$. As results, TgCPC1 DNA vaccine with or without adjuvant ${\alpha}-GalCer$ showed higher levels of IgG and IgG2a in the serum, as well as IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in the spleen compared to controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and ${\alpha}-GalCer$). Upon challenge infection with tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH), $pCPC1/{\alpha}-GalCer$ immunized mice showed the longest survival among all the groups. Mice vaccinated with DNA vaccine without adjuvant (pCPC1) showed better protective immunity compared to other controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and ${\alpha}-GalCer$). These results indicate that a DNA vaccine encoding TgCPC1 is a potential vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.