• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2005

It is well known that intaking alcohol chronically and heavily causes many formsof physical systemic distress including serious chronic alcoholic liver disease such as alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and hepatoma. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is known as a specific marker in detecting and monitoring alcohol associated disease. Weanalyzed various alcohol-associated parameters to evaluate the clinical usefulness of CDT. The first patient group consisted of fifty patients, who had been diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease from January 2003 to June 2004 at Chungnam National University Hospital. The second group consisted of 12 patients with non-alcoholic liver disease. The third group consisted of 19 teetotalerswho had visited the hospital for the purpose of routine healthcare checks. Various hepatic parameters such as CDT, $\small{\Gamma}$-GT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) were compared in the three groups. CDT and AST increased in direct proportion to the amount and duration of alcohol consumption with high significance, but $\small{\Gamma}$-GT and ALT showed arbitrary patterns with no statistical significance. The sensitivities of CDT, $\small{\Gamma}$-GT, AST and ALT were 74 %, 96 %, 68 % and 58 %, respectively and the specificities were 95 %, 74 %, 68 % and 79 % in order respectively. The correlation study of CDT with $\small{\Gamma}$-GT, AST and ALT showed a very low value of correlation coefficients, implying that CDT could be taken as an independent parameter in evaluating alcohol liver disease compared to $\small{\Gamma}$-GT, AST and ALT. This present study suggested that CDT coud be one of the most useful parameters in reflecting the amount and duration of alcohol consumption as well as being another independent parameter in assessing and following up patients with alcoholic liver disease. Moreover we recommend it is the best method of measuring both CDT and $\small{\Gamma}$-GT in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.626-633
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• 2007

To access the safety and efficacy of Chungyeoldodam-tang(CDT), a traditional herbal medicine prescription, on hypertension we examined various parameters involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. CDT seems to be safe because CDT at the concentrations lower that 250 ug/ml showed no toxic effects in cultured human fibroblast and no toxic effects on liver function. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were greatly decreased in CDT treated group compared with control, and angiotensin converting enzyme activities were reduced by CDT in a dose dependent manner. There was no differences in weight of hearts between control and CDT treated group. The blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly decreased. CDT greatly reduced the levels of plasma hormones including aldosterone, dopamine, and norepinephrine, but not epinephrine, and serum electrocytes including Na$^+$ and Cl$^-$, but not K$^+$. were also decreased. The levels of uric acid, BUN and creatinine were significantly decreased compared with control. These results suggested that CDT has suppressive effects on various pathologic factors in hypertension, and CDT has potential as a safe and effective therapeutics for hypertension.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.4612-4618
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• 2012

본 연구는 지역사회에 거주하는 뇌졸중 클라이언트에서 생산과제의 세 가지 방법을 모두 이용하고 Freedman 등의 양적 채점 방법을 사용하여 인지 손상 선별 검사로서 CDT(Clock Drawing Test)의 신뢰도 및 타당도를 분석하였다. 2010년 11월 부터 2011년 8월 까지 지역사회에 거주하는 뇌졸중 클라이언트 51명을 대상으로 CDT와 K-MMSE(Korean Version of Mini Mental State Examination)를 검사하였다. 스피어맨 순위 상관계수 분석으로 CDT의 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 검사자간 신뢰도, 동시타당도를 분석하였고, 맨 휘트니 유 검정을 사용하여 구성타당도를 분석하였다. 검사재검사 신뢰도, 검사자간 신뢰도, 구성타당도, 동시타당도 분석 모두에서 통계학적으로 유의하였다(p<.01). 본 연구의 결과에서 생산과제 방법을 이용하고 Freedman 등의 양적 채점 방법을 사용한 CDT는 인지손상을 선별하는 검사로서 지역사회에 거주하는 뇌졸중 클라이언트에게 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

Objectives:Recent studies have raised the possibility that nerve growth factor(NGF) is abnormally regulated in the central nervous system(CNS) of animal models with alcohol dependence. The possible alteration of NGF by prolonged alcohol intake may play an important role in alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin(CDT) is regarded as a reliable biological marker of alcohol dependence. The goal of this study was to estimate the changes of %CDT and serum NGF level according to the duration of alcohol abstinence, and to identify whether %CDT level is associated with the serum NGF level in the patients with alcohol dependence. Methods:The subjects were 24 patients with alcohol dependence. We used the Axis-Shield ASA to measure the %CDT level and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) to measure the serum NGF level. %CDT and NGF levels were measured immediately after the admission and at 2 weeks after the admission. Results:Decreased %CDT were observed during the period of 2 weeks after the admission. NGF level was not significantly different after 2 weeks. The NGF levels were not correlated with %CDT. The possibility of %CDT as a predictor of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity was not confirmed. Conclusion:Serum NGF levels is not a reliable indicator of abstinence state in the patients with alcohol dependence. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relation between two indicators in regard to hematological and neurological changes in alcohol dependence.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.100-109
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• 2018

Background and Purpose: Although the clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used cognitive screening instrument, there have been inconsistent findings regarding its utility with various scoring systems in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. The present study aimed to identify whether patients with MCI or dementia exhibited impairment on the CDT using three different scoring systems, and to determine which scoring system is more useful for detecting MCI and mild dementia. Methods: Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild vascular dementia (VaD), and cognitively normal older adults (CN) were included. All participants were administered the CDT, the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. The CDT was scored using the 3-, 5-, and 15-point scoring systems. Results: On all three scoring systems, all patient groups demonstrated significantly lower scores than the CN. However, while there were no significant differences among patients with aMCI, VaMCI, and AD, those with VaD exhibited the lowest scores. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves revealed that the three CDT scoring systems were comparable with the K-MMSE in differentiating aMCI, VaMCI, and VaD from CN. In differentiating AD from CN, however, the CDT using the 15-point scoring system demonstrated the most comparable discriminability with K-MMSE. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the CDT is a useful cognitive screening tool that is comparable with the Mini-Mental State Examination, and that simple CDT scoring systems are sufficient for differentiating patients with MCI and mild dementia from CN.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2001

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness as a screening test of Clock Drawing Test(CDT) compared with the standard K-DRS in probably dementia. Methods: The subjects for this study consisted of 19 elderly persons who visited to the outpatient department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry of the Kyunghee Oriental hospital. They received the K-DRS and the Clock Drawing Test. Three observers evaluated them with circle, numbers, hands. Inter-rater reliability of scores from Clock Drawing Test was assessed and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examined the relationships between scores from Clock Drawing Test and K-DRS. Results: Correlations between individual raters was highly significant (r= .957, .974, and .970, respectively: p<.001). There was stastically significant correlations between K-DRS and CDT scores (r= 0.849, p<.001). Conclusions: The CDT can be rated reliably by observers and correlations between CDT and K-DRS is significantly high. We confirmed the usefulness of CDT as simple, easily administered, low cost, and reliable general screening test for dementia.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2017

Objectives This study sought to investigate the relationship between age, sex and alterations in levels of % carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in patients admitted with alcohol dependence. Methods The study retrospectively enrolled 187 patients who were diagnosed with alcohol dependence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth edition (DSM-IV) and were admitted into a closed ward in Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital from 2009 to 2012 and Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Demographic factors (age, sex) and biochemical markers [%CDT, GGT, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT)] were collected by reviewing medical records. Alterations in the levels of %CDT and GGT in different groups for each demographic factor were compared after correcting for confounding variables (age, initial %CDT, GGT, MCV, AST, ALT). Results Decreased %CDT and GGT were observed during the period of abstinence after admission. The normalization period for %CDT increased with age, while the normalization period for GGT was longer in female patients. Conclusions These results suggest that alcohol-dependent patients that vary in age have different alterations in %CDT, while different sexes have different alterations in GGT. Age and sex can be potential indicators of treatment response after abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between these factors with regards to physiological and hematological changes in alcohol dependence.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function and degree of dementia patient by doing clock drawing test and to explore the relationship among other dementia screening test. Method: The study subjects were 94 dementia in patients department. The data was collected by face to face interview by clinical psychologist from January 2007 to February 2008. The tools were Clock Drawing Test, K-MMSE, K-3MS and CDR Scale. Results: 1) The average score of CDT was 5.13 (2.54), of K-MMSE was 20.53 (4.85), of K-3MS was 61.66 (16.46), and of CDR was 1.2 (.72), those scores showed dementia. 2) There was a statistically the significant difference in CDT (F=2.83, p=.043) and CDR (F=2.00, p=.008) by age. CDT has shown the differences by gender (t=-2.42, p=.018) and education (F=7.66, p=.000). 3) There were significant relationships between CDT and K-MMSE (r=-.294. p=.004), K-3MS (r=-.335, p=.001), and CDR (r=.286, p=.008). Conclusion: It is believed that using CDT which measures the visuospatial ability of dementia patients and K-MMSE which assesses an ability of language and orientation and K-3MS at the same time helps examining the beginning and the progressive degree of dementia more easily and objectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2022

Until recently, four types of cellobiose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains have been developed by introduction of a cellobiose metabolic pathway based on either intracellular β-glucosidase (GH1-1) or cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP), along with either an energy-consuming active cellodextrin transporter (CDT-1) or a non-energy-consuming passive cellodextrin facilitator (CDT-2). In this study, the ethanol production performance of two cellobiose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strains expressing mutant CDT-2 (N306I) with GH1-1 or CBP were compared with two cellobiose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strains expressing mutant CDT-1 (F213L) with GH1-1 or CBP in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose under various conditions. It was found that, regardless of the SSF conditions, the phosphorolytic cellobiose-fermenting S. cerevisiae expressing mutant CDT-2 with CBP showed the best ethanol production among the four strains. In addition, during SSF contaminated by lactic acid bacteria, the phosphorolytic cellobiose-fermenting S. cerevisiae expressing mutant CDT-2 with CBP showed the highest ethanol production and the lowest lactate formation compared with those of other strains, such as the hydrolytic cellobiose-fermenting S. cerevisiae expressing mutant CDT-1 with GH1-1, and the glucose-fermenting S. cerevisiae with extracellular β-glucosidase. These results suggest that the cellobiose-fermenting yeast strain exhibiting low energy consumption can enhance the efficiency of the SSF of cellulosic biomass.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.906-913
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• 2004

레이다 데이터로부터 ISAR(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar) 영상을 생성 할 때 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 것이 FFT 알고리즘이다. FFT 알고리즘을 넓은 방위각 데이터에 적용할 때는 MTRC(Moving Through Resolution Cell) 현상으로 영상의 번짐이 발생하는데 이를 보정하기 위하여 polar formatting 기법을 적용한다. 그러나 polar formatting도 적용할 수 있는 각도의 한계가 존재하며 만약 지나치게 넓을 경우 polar formatting을 적용하여도 원하는 영상을 얻을 수 없게 된다. 이 논문에서는 ISAR 영상 생성시 내삽법을 사용하는 polar formatting기법과 polar formatting의 단점인 내삽법을 사용하지 않는 CDT(Coherent Doppler Tomography) 기법을 비교하여 각각의 장단점을 분석하였다.