• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.765-770
• /
• 2005

In this study, we investigated antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of Undaria pinnatifida Sporophyll, which using methanol, dichloromethane and ethanol were extracted and fractionated into four different types: methanol (UPMM), hexane (UPMH), butanol (UPMB) and aqueous (UPMA). The antimicrobial activity was increased in proportion to its concentration by the paper disc method. Among the solvent fractions, UPMM and UPMB showed relatively strong antimicrobial activities in the order. Among various partition layers, the methanol partition layer (UPMM) was showed the strongest cytotoxic effects on all cancer cell lines. We also observed quinone reductase (QR) induced effects in all fraction layers of UP on HepG2 cells. The QR induced effects of UPMH on HepG2 cells at $320\mu g/mL$ concentration indicated 2.36 with a control value of 1.0.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.520-528
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluated a phthalate, heavy metal contents and physicochemical quality properties in korean mudflat solar salt and foreign salts. DEHP in mudflat solar salt (MSS) was detected a low level (9.00~669.89 ppb), but it was shown a high level excess to 1.5 ppm criteria in the foreign solar salt (FSS) 5 type (3,440.64, 3,266.56, 2,189.65, 4,010.69, 4,554.20 ppb) and foreign large solar salt (FLSS) 1 type (1,983.27 ppb). Also, DEHP in FSS 2 type (930.15, 1,310.07 ppb) and FLSS 1 type (924.92 ppb) was detected a high level not excess to criteria. No detected DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DAP, BBP, DCHP and DEHA contents in MSS and foreign salt (FS). Na ion was shown a significantly higher level (p<0.05) in FS (407,345.87~426,612.14 ppm) than in MSS (363,633.98 ppm), but it was shown a high level in Mg (p<0.01), K (p<0.05), Ca ion (p<0.05) of FSS compared to foreign refined salt (FRS). Cl ion (532,727.07 ppm) of MSS was the most low level (p<0.001) compared to FS, but it was shown a high level (p<0.001) in Br ion (625.07 ppm). $SO_4$ ion was not shown a significant difference in DS and FS. It was display a high level in Mn of MSS, and Al, Fe of FLSS. Heavy metal contents (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in MSS and FS was not significant difference, it was safety level as edible salt.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 1999

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate sweets of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTT1), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and cytoehrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) on lung cancer development. Methods: Ninety-eight lung cancer patients and 98 age-sex matched non-cancer patients hospitalized in Chungbuk National University Hospital form March 1997 to August 1998, were the subjects of this case-control study. Direct interview was done and genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 were investigated using multiplex PCR or PCR-RFLP methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Effects of the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, lifestyle factors including smoking, and their interactions on lung rancor were statistically analyzed. Results: GSTM1 was deleted in 67.01% of the cases and 58.16% of the controls, and the odds ratio(95% CI) was 1.46(0.82-2.62). GSTT1 deletion was 58.76% for the lung cancer patients and 50.00% for the controls[OR:1.43(0.81-2.51)]. The frequencies of lle/lle, lle/Val and Val/Val of the CYP1A1 polymorphisms were 59.18-18%, 35.71%, and 5.10% for the cases, and 52.04%, 45.92%, 2.04% for the controls, respectively. Risk of lung cancer was not associated with polymorphism of CYP1A1 ($x^2trend=0.253$, p-value>0.05). The respective frequency of c1/c1 c1/c2, c2/c2 genotypes for CYP2E1 were 50.00%, 42.86%, 7.14% for the lung cancer patients, and 66.33%, 30.61%, 3.06% for the controls $(x^2trend=5.783,\;p<0.05)$. c2 allele was a significant risk factor for lung cancer. We also observed a significant association of cigarette smoking history with lung cancer risk. The odds ratio(95% Cl) of cigarette smoking was 3.03(1.58-5.81). In multiple logistic analysis including genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, and smoking habit, only snaking habit came out to be a significant risk factor for lung cancer. Conclusion: Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 are not so strongly associated with lung cancer as lifestyle factors including cigarette smoking.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.195-205
• /
• 1985

As a part of investigation to use the Anatrctic krill, Euphausia superba, more effectively as a food source, processing conditions, utilizations and storage stability of krill paste (intermediate product of krill) were examined and also chemical compositions of krill paste were analyzed. Frozen raw krill was chopped, agitated with $25\%$ of water to the minced krill and then centrifuged to separate the liquid fraction from the residue. This liquid fraction was heated at $98^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. to coagulate the proteins of krill, and it was filtered to separate the protein fraction. Krill paste was prepared with grinding the protein fraction, adding $0.2\%$ of polyphosphate and $0.3\%$ of sodium erythorbate to the krill paste for enhancing of functional properties and quality stability. The krill paste was packed in a carton box, and then stored at $-30^{\circ}C$. Chemical compositions of krill paste were as follows : moisture $78\%$, crude protein $12.9\%$, crude lipid $5.9\%$, and the contents of hazardous elements of krill paste as Hg 0.001 ppm, Cd 1.15 ppm, Zn 9.1 ppm, Pb 0.63 ppm and Cu 11.38ppm were safe for food. The amino acid compositions of krill paste showed relatively high amount of taurine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine and arginine, which occupied $55\%$ of total amino acid and also taurine, lysine, glycine, arginine and proline were occupied $65\%$ of total free amino acid. Fatty acid compositions of krill paste consist of $32.4\%$ of saturated fatty acid, $29.6\%$ of monoenoic acid and $38.0\%$ of polyenoic acid, and major fatty acids of product were eicosapentaenoic acid ($17.8\%$), oleic acid ($16.9\%$), palmitic acid ($15.3\%$), myristic acid ($8.7\%$) and docosahexaenoic acid ($8.4\%$). In case of procssing of fish sausage as one of experiment for krill paste use, Alaska pollack fish meat paste could be substituted with the krill paste up to $30\%$ without any significant defect in taste and texture of fish sausage, and the color of fish sausage could be maintained by the color of krill paste. Judging from the results of chemical and microbial experiments during frozen storage, the quality of krill paste could be preserved in good condition for 100 days at $-39^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.89-98
• /
• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of completing death certificates among medical students. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires were completed, during May to August 2007, by 380 medical students in senior. The questionnaire was composed of 10 cases to write the death certificate. The cause-of-deaths written by students were compared with the gold standards and their errors in the certificates also evaluated. Results: Mean agreement score for 10 underlying cause-of-deaths completed on the lowest line of part I in the death certificate (UC1) was $4.8{\pm}1.7$, and for underlying cause-of-death selected by a coder of the death certificates (UC2) was $5.6{\pm}1.5$. The UC1 and UC2 were significantly higher among the students having the case-oriented education for death certificate than others. For the major errors in the certificates completed by students, the students having the error with no antecedent cause were highest, the error with two or more conditions secondly highest. Mean number of errors was significantly lower in the case-oriented education group than others. Conclusions: Errors are common in the death certificates completed by medical students in senior. The accuracy of death certification may be more improved with the case-oriented education than the traditional method.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.418-428
• /
• 2007

Physical and chemical properties of the aggregate by-products including sludge and crushed dust samples collected from the 21 private companies throughout the country were analyzed to evaluate possible usage of the by-products as artificial soil materials for plantation. The pH of the materials ranged from 8.0 to 11.0. The organic matter content was $2.85g\;kg^{-1}$, and the total nitrogen content and available phosphate content were low as 0.7 percents and $12.98mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, and $Na^+$ were 2.29, 0.47, 0.02 and $0.05cmol\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Heavy metal contents were lower than the limits regulated by environmental law of Korea. Textural analysis showed that most of the materials were silt loam with low water holding capacity ranged from 0.67 to 7.41 percents, and with low hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.4 to $2.8m\;s^{-1}$. Mineralogical analysis showed that the aggregate by product materials were mostly composed of silicate, alumina and ferric oxides except calcium oxide dominant materials derived from limestones. The primary minerals were quartz, feldspars and dolomites derived from granite and granitic gneiss materials. Some samples derived from limestone material showed calcite and graphite together with the above minerals. According to the result, it can be concluded that the materials could be used as the artificial soil material for plantation after proper improvement of the physico-chemical properties and fertility.