Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2014.21.4.520

Evaluation of mineral, heavy metal and phthalate contents in mudflat solar salt and foreign salt  

Kim, Hag-Lyeol (Department of Food Engineering, Solar Salt and Halophyte Research & Development Center, Mokpo National University)
Lee, In-Seon (Department of Food Engineering, Solar Salt and Halophyte Research & Development Center, Mokpo National University)
Kim, In-Cheol (Department of Food Engineering, Solar Salt and Halophyte Research & Development Center, Mokpo National University)
Publication Information
Food Science and Preservation / v.21, no.4, 2014 , pp. 520-528 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluated a phthalate, heavy metal contents and physicochemical quality properties in korean mudflat solar salt and foreign salts. DEHP in mudflat solar salt (MSS) was detected a low level (9.00~669.89 ppb), but it was shown a high level excess to 1.5 ppm criteria in the foreign solar salt (FSS) 5 type (3,440.64, 3,266.56, 2,189.65, 4,010.69, 4,554.20 ppb) and foreign large solar salt (FLSS) 1 type (1,983.27 ppb). Also, DEHP in FSS 2 type (930.15, 1,310.07 ppb) and FLSS 1 type (924.92 ppb) was detected a high level not excess to criteria. No detected DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DAP, BBP, DCHP and DEHA contents in MSS and foreign salt (FS). Na ion was shown a significantly higher level (p<0.05) in FS (407,345.87~426,612.14 ppm) than in MSS (363,633.98 ppm), but it was shown a high level in Mg (p<0.01), K (p<0.05), Ca ion (p<0.05) of FSS compared to foreign refined salt (FRS). Cl ion (532,727.07 ppm) of MSS was the most low level (p<0.001) compared to FS, but it was shown a high level (p<0.001) in Br ion (625.07 ppm). $SO_4$ ion was not shown a significant difference in DS and FS. It was display a high level in Mn of MSS, and Al, Fe of FLSS. Heavy metal contents (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in MSS and FS was not significant difference, it was safety level as edible salt.
Keywords
mudflat solar salt; foreign salt; mineral; heavy metal; phthalate;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 9  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Kim HL, Yoo YJ, Lee IS, Ko GH, Kim IC (2012) Evaluation of heavy metal contents in mudflat solar salt, salt water, and sea water in the nationwide salt pan. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 41, 1014-1019   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Balafas D, Shaw KJ, Whitfield FB (1999) Phthalate and adipate esters in Australia packaging materials. Food Chem, 65, 279-287   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Lee KH, Kwak IS, Jeong DY, Jeon DH, Choi JC, Kim HI, Choi BH, Lee CH, Koo EJ, Lee CW (2001) A study of phthalate and adipate esters in food packaging and packaged foods. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 33, 479-485   과학기술학회마을
4 Crocker JF, Safe SH, Acott P (1988) Effects of chronic phthalate exposure on the kidney. J Toxicol Environ Health, 23, 433-444   DOI
5 Kluwe WM, Haseman JK, Huff JE (1983) The carcinogenicity of DEHP in perspective. J Toxicol and Environ Health, 12, 159-169   DOI
6 Kluwe W (1982) Overview of phthalate ester pharmacokinetics in mammalian species. Environ Health Perspec, 45, 3-10   DOI
7 Kim AK, Cho SJ, Kwak JE, Kum JY (2012) Heavy metal contents and safety evaluation of commercial salts in Seoul. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 41, 129-135   과학기술학회마을   DOI
8 Choi H, Kim DP, Nam HJ, Joo MJ, Ko TS (2008) Report of DEHP in saltfarm. Korea Consumer Agency. Webpage: http://www.kca.go.kr/modules/board/list.jsp
9 Park JW, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Kim BH, Kang SG, Nam SH, Jung ST (2000) Determination of mineral and heavy metal contents of various salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 32, 1442-1445   과학기술학회마을
10 Shin DH, Jo EJ, Hong JS (1999) Chemical composition of imported table salts and Kimchi preparation test. J Fd Hyg safety, 14, 277-281   과학기술학회마을
11 Ha JO, Park KY (1998) Compositions of mineral contents and external structure of various salts. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 27, 413-418
12 International Agency for Research on Cancer (1982) Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Lyon France, 29, 269-294
13 Sharman M, Read WA, Castle L, Gilbert J (1994) Level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese. Food Addi Contam, 11, 37-395
14 Cautreels W, Van CK (1977) Comparison between the organic fraction of suspended matter at a background and an urban station. Sci Total Environ, 8, 79-88   DOI
15 Eisenreich SJ, Looney BB, Thornton JD (1981) Airbone organic contaminants of great lakes ecosystems. Environ Sci and Tech, 15, 30-38   DOI
16 Korea Food and Drug Administration (2011) Food standards codex. Korean Food Industry Association, Seoul, Korea
17 Kim HL, Baek HH, Kim IC (2012) Evaluation of plasticizer pollution levels in mudflat solar salt, salt water, and sea water of nationwide saltpan. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 41, 1460-1466   과학기술학회마을   DOI
18 Wams TJ (1987) Diethylhexylephthalate as an environmental contaminants (Review). Sci Total Environ, 66, 1-16   DOI
19 Shin TS, Park Ck, Lee SH, Han KH (2005) Effects of age on chemical composition in sun-dried salts. Korean J Food Sci Technol, 37, 312-317   과학기술학회마을
20 Ritsema R (1989) Trace-level analysis of phthalate esters in surface waters and suspended particular matter by means of capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture and mass-selective detection. Chemosphere, 18, 2161-2175
21 Jin YX, Je JH, Lee YH, Kim JH, Cho YS, Kim SY (2011) Comparison of the mineral contents of sun-dried salt depending on wet digestion and dissolution. Korean J Food Preserv, 18, 993-997   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Lee DK, Choi CR, Cho JY, Kim HL, Ham KS (2008) Physicochemical and sensory properties of salt-fermented shrimp prepared with various salts. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 37, 53-59   과학기술학회마을   DOI
23 Jo EJ, Shin DH (1998) Study of chemical compositions of sun-dried, refined, and processed salt produced in Chonbuk area. J Food Hyg safety, 13, 360-364   과학기술학회마을
24 Yoon HH, Chang HC (2011) Growth inhibitory Kimchi prepared with four year-old solar salt and Topan solar salt on cancer cells. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 40, 935-941   과학기술학회마을   DOI
25 Seo JH, Kim HJ, Lee SP (2012) Evaluation of the chemical compositions of solar salts produced in Korea. Korean J Food Preserv, 19, 554-559   과학기술학회마을   DOI   ScienceOn
26 United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (US CPSC) (1985) Chronic hazard advisory panel on di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Report to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission. Washington. DC, USA
27 Kim AK, Cho SJ, Kwak JE, Kum JY (2012) Heavy metal contents and safety evaluation of commercial salts in Seoul. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 41, 129-135   과학기술학회마을   DOI
28 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2000) Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series 44. International Programme on Chemical Safety and WHO, Geneva. p 273-391