• BMB Reports
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.2-11
• /
• 2021

Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 have shown remarkable clinical progress on several cancers. However, most patients do not benefit from these therapies. Thus, many efforts are being made to identify new immune checkpoint receptor-ligand pathways that are alternative targets for cancer immunotherapies. Nectin and nectin-like molecules are widely expressed on several types of tumor cells and play regulatory roles in T- and NK-cell functions. TIGIT, CD226, CD96 and CD112R on lymphoid cells are a group of immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that interact with Nectin and nectin-like molecules with different affinities. These receptors transmit activating or inhibitory signals upon binding their cognate ligands to the immune cells. The integrated signals formed by their complex interactions contribute to regulating immune-cell functions. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of anti-TIGIT and anti-CD112R blockades for treating patients with solid tumors. However, many questions still need to be answered in order to fully understand the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks. This review addresses the rationale behind targeting TIGIT, CD226, CD96, and CD112R to regulate T- and NK-cell functions and discusses their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 1998.08a
• /
• pp.96.2-96
• /
• 1998

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2023

CD96 is a membrane-bound receptor discovered in humans in 1992 that is mainly present in natural killer cells and T cells derived from haematopoietic cells and performs immune functions. Based on the sequence of CD96 obtained from red seabream (Pagrus major), phylogenetic analysis with other species, infections of normal fish, Streptococcus iniae and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and expression analysis was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis showed the highest homology with Sparus aurata, and multiple sequence analysis confirmed the conservation of major domains between different fish species. Normal fish high expression results were confirmed in the head kidney, and spleen, which are the haematopoietic organs of the fish. High expression levels were confirmed in the gills, liver, spleen, and kidney on day three after RSIV infection. After S. iniae infection, high expression was confirmed in the gills and liver on day one, and high expression was confirmed in the spleen from 12 hours. These results show that PmCD96 functions as an immune gene in P. major and is considered a basic research case for CD96 in fish's hematopoietic organ immune system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.11
• /
• pp.1708-1714
• /
• 2015

Fermented red ginseng concentrate is known as a healthy food source, whereas it has off-flavor such as bitterness and sour flavor based on fermentation. ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-cyclodextrin (CD) were used to encapsulate the off-flavor of fermented red ginseng concentrate by using response surface methodology design on ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}-CD$ combination. The reducing effects were analyzed by sensory evaluation for bitter and sour tastes, ginsenoside Rb1, and total acidity. The optimized mixing ratio of ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}-CD$ for reducing bitterness was the least expected value of 2.07 at ${\beta}-CD$ 3.74% versus the soluble solid content of fermented red ginseng concentrate and the ${\gamma}-CD$ 20.63% mixture. The encapsulation effects of ginsenoside Rb1 were the most expected value of 96.75% at ${\beta}-CD$ 3.47% and ${\gamma}-CD$ 19.89% mixture. The encapsulation effects of sour taste were the least expected value of 5.63 at ${\beta}-CD$ 9.34% and ${\gamma}-CD$ 9.96% mixture. The encapsulation effects of lactic acid were the most expected value of 67.73% at ${\beta}-CD$ 16.0% and ${\gamma}-CD$ 13.18% mixture. Based on encapsulation and each optimized combination, the most effective entrapping ${\beta}$-and ${\gamma}-CD$ combination ratio was ${\beta}-CD$ 10% and ${\gamma}-CD$ 13%.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.389-392
• /
• 1998

We have investigated the crystal properties of the Cd0.96Zn0.04Te(CZT) films evaporated on the Si(100) substrates by Elecctron Beam Evaporator(EBE) techique. The compositions of the As-preared films were different about 4% of atomic ratio, The films stucture was observad to be polycrystalline in cubic phase. Diffraction peaks were notable at the substrate temperature of $300^{\circ}C$. The reflectance measurements yield $E_1$=3.25~3.29 eV $E_1$+${\Delta}_1$=3.76~3.83 eV and $E_2$=5.08 eV,showing that the films wear in cubic phase. For the film evaporated at the substrate temperature of $150^{\circ}C$, the peaks of photocurrent are at 720nm and 980nm.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 1995

The optical properties of individual 3-to 14-micron diameter CdS crystalline spheres embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate) were studied using elastic scattering. The presence of well defined sharp peaks in the 550 to 600 nm elastic scattering spectra confirmed that each microcrystal acts as an optical cavity with cavity quality factors exceeding 104. Such natural resonator microcrystals should lead to greatly enhanced local field effects near the surface of CdS, quantum electrodynamic modification of optical transition rates of nearby species and altered photochemistry. Absorptive heating following high intensity laser irradiation was found to induce a transient washout of the high Q modes.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 2000

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of squalene (SQ), one of the natural chelator, on the ultrastructural changes in the mouse liver caused by $CdCl_2$. A total of 40 healthy ICR that weighted 30 gm $({\pm}2gm)$ was used for experiment. The experimental group was divided into two groups; group A and B. The group A administrated $CdCl_2$ (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal. The group B administrated $CdCl_2$ (4.0 mg/kg) to the intraperitoneal treated with SQ (180 mg/kg, 2 time/day). Each group was observed at 24, 48, 72, 96 hours after injected $CdCl_2$. The results were as follows: 1. Group A Nuclear membrane was observed very irregular at the 24 hours and keep rounded-shape from 48 hours. Mitochondria were observed destruction of inner cavity to the 72 hours and some showed inner cavity destruction at 96 hours. RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) showed the dilation of inner cavity all the around and reformed typical lamellae from 72 hours. Lysosome were observed in the cytoplasm from 24 hours. From 72 hours, glycogen showed over cytoplasm. 2. Group B Nuclear membrane was observed regular at overall the time. Mitochondria showed normal shapes (round, rod) at overall the time. To 48 hours, inner cavity of rER dilated and destructed lamellae. But from 72 hours, observed typical lamellae of rER Lysosome were observed from 24 hours. And glycogen showed from 24 hours. These results suggest that squalene attenuates the toxic effect of the $CdCl_2$ in the mouse liver.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 1998.06a
• /
• pp.96-96
• /
• 1998

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.115-119
• /
• 2002

The formation of inclusion complexes between cyclodextrin(CD) and Congo red was studied by spectrophotometric methods at various temperatures. The cavity sizes are 0.49 nm, 0.62 nm for $\alpha$-and $\beta$-CD, respectively. Therefore, $\alpha$-CD was not found to form an inclusion complex with Congo red due to steric hinderance. In the $\beta$-CD use two $\beta$-CD molecules formed an inclusion complex with one molecule of Congo red, from the slope of the S-shaped curve increased. Two prominent isosbestic points appear at 346 nm and 478 nm. The formation constants were decreased with the increasing temperatures, due to low binding energy between $\beta$-CD and Congo red. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the plot of $lnK_f$ vs 1/T. The $\Delta$H, $\Delta$S and $\Delta$G were -50.73 kJ/mol, $-108.96J/K{\cdot}mol$ and -18.26 kJ/mol, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 2004

This experiment was studied to obtain basic environmental effects and biological information on the early growth of larval mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Mitten crabs were maintained for each larval stage with solutions containing 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 ppm of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). The relationship between survival rate of mitten crabs and metal content in the growth chamber showed a positive correlations. However, it showed a significant difference in the 96 $hr- LC^{50}$ values of Cd and Hg for the E. sinensis larvae from the first zoea larva to juvenile. Hg was more toxic to E. sinensis larval than Cd. When Cd and Hg are released into the water, they enter E. sinensis larval and are biological magnified. These results of survival rate and bioaccumulation are very important when considering the survival of the mitten crab.