• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2020

The silver nanowires (AgNWs) were synthesized by the conventional polyol process, which revealed 25 ㎛ and 30 nm of average length and diameter, respectively. The synthesized AgNWs were applied to the CdSe/CdZnS quantum dot (QD) based transparent light-emitting device (LED). The device using a randomly networked AgNWs electrode had some problems such as the high threshold voltage (for operating the device) due to the random pores from the networked AgNWs. As a method of improvement, a composite electrode was formed by overlaying the ZnO:Ga on the AgNWs network. The device used the composite electrode revealed a low threshold voltage (4.4 Vth) and high current density compared to the AgNWs only electrode device. The brightness and current density of the device using composite electrode were 55.57 cd/㎡ and 41.54 mA/㎠ at the operating voltage of 12.8 V, respectively, while the brightness and current density of the device using (single) AgNWs only were 1.71 cd/㎡ and 2.05 mA/㎠ at the same operating voltage. The transmittance of the device revealed 65 % in a range of visible light. Besides the reliability of the devices was confirmed that the device using the composite electrode revealed 2 times longer lifetime than that of the AgNWs only electrode device.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1996

토양 중 중금속들의 이동성 및 식물 흡수와의 관계를 알기 위하여 제련소 매연 및 분진의 영향을 받는 논 토양을 대상으로 1982년과 1990년에 토양 시료를 표 ${\cdot}$ 심토 별로 채취하여 치환성, 묽은산, 유기물 결합형, Fe-Mn산화형결합, 잔류형(규산염형)으로 추출 방법을 달리하여 토양 중 중금속 함량 및 존재 형태를 분류하고, 1990년도 토양 시료 중 중금속 함량과, 1990년도에 채취한 수도체 중 부위별 중금속 함량과 상관관계를 조사 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 각 토양중 중금속 전 함량은 1990년 함량이 1982년도 함량보다 표토에서 Cd가 12%, Zn 44%, Cu가 40%, Pb가 4% 증가하였고, 심토에서는 Cd가 12%, Zn 40%, Cu가 60%, Pb가 57%로 증가되었고, 이들의 증가 비율이 Cu > Zn> Pb > Cd의 순서를 나타내었으며, Cd의 경우 잔류형(규산염형태) >치환성 >묽은산 추출형 순으로 함량 변화가 나타났고 9년 사이에 38-71%의 증가 비를 나타내었다. 산화물 및 규산염내에 결합되어 있어 비이동성인 중금속 비율은 표토에서 Cd가 31.65%, Pb가 44.22%, Cu가 76.57%, Zn이 79.49%였고 치환성, 묽은산 추출형 및 유기적 결합형 등의 이동성은 20.28% 이상으로 Cd의 경우 68.35%, Pb의 경우 55.78%, Cu 23.43%, Zn이 20.28% 순으로 나타났다. 표토 중 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위별 함량간에는 왕겨 및 현미를 제외하고, 엽신, 엽초, 줄기, 화서축과 유의성 있는 상관관계가 있었으나, 심토 중 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위별 함량간에는 유의성이 없었다. 표토 중 추출 형태별 중금속 함량과 수도체 부위 함량간의 상관관계는 묽은산 추출형 및 유기물 결합형에서 상관관계가 많이 있었으나, 심토에서는 없었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1985

아연광산(亞鉛鑛山) 주변(周邊)에서 답토양(畓土壤)과 현미(玄米) 36점을 채취(採取)하여 축차분별분석(逐次分別分析)에 의해 토양(土壤) 중(中) Cd, Zn, Cu 및 Pb의 각(各) 형태별(形態別) 함량비(含量比)를 구하고, 중금속(重金屬)의 형태(形態)에 미치는 토양(土壤) 특성(特性)과 수도(水稻)의 흡수(吸收)와 관계가 깊은 화학적(化學的) 형태(形態)를 밝히기 위해 실험(實驗)하였다. 토양(土壤) 중(中) Cd의 형태별(形態別) 함량(含量)은 치환태(置煥態), 유기태(有機態) 및 carbonate 태가(態) 거의 같았으며 전(全) Cd의 73.9%를 차지하였다. 토양 중(中) Zn,은 잔류성(殘留性) Zn이 63.8%로 가장 높았다. Cu와 Pb의 형태별(形態別) 함량비(含量比)의 순위(順位)는 비슷하였다. 토양(土壤)의 pH가 높을수록 치환태(置換態) Cd, Zn, 및, Pb는 감소(減少)하였으며, 유기태(有機態)와 carbonate 태(態), Cd, sulfide 태(態) Cd, Zn, 및 Pb는 증가(增加)했다. 토양(土壤) 중(中) 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 유기태(有機態) Cd, Zn, 및, Pb는 carbonate 태(態) Cu와 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였다. 양(陽)이온치환용량(置換容量)이 증가(增加)하면 치환태(置換態) Cd, Zn, Cu 및, Pb, 유기태(有機態) Cu는 감소(減少)하였으나 carbonate 태(態) Cd, sulfide 태(態) Cd, Zn, Cu 및, Pb, 잔류성(殘留性) Cu는 증가(增加)하였다. 현미(玄米) 中 Cd 함량(含量)은 토양(土壤) 중(中) 전(全) Cd, 유기태(有機態) Cd, carbonate 태(態), sulfide 태(態) Cd 및 잔류성(殘留性) Cd와 높은 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였다. 그러나 토양(土壤) 중(中) Pb는 어떠한 형태(形態)도 현미(玄米) 중(中) Pb 함량(含量)과 상관(相關)이 없었다. 토양(土壤) 중(中) 수용태(水溶態)와 치환태(置換態) Zn 함량(含量)은 현미(玄米) 중(中) Zn 함량(含量)과 높은 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2008

목적: 본 연구는 수술 전 방사선화학요법을 시행 받은 국소진행된 직장암환자에서 치료 전 얻어진 직장암 생검조직 내에서의 cathepsin D(CD) 및 p53의 발현이 갖는 예후적 인자를 포함한 임상적 의의에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1993년 7월부터1999년 6월까지 국소진행된 직장암으로 수술 전 방사선화학요법을 시행 받은 127명의 환자 중 근치적 수술을 시행 받았고 수술 전 생검 조직의 파라핀 블록을 얻을 수 있던 89명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 방사선치료는 하루 1.8 Gy씩 주 5회, 25회에 걸쳐 전 골반 부위에 45 Gy까지 조사한 후에 원발종양 부위에만 5.4 Gy 추가 조사하였다. 화학요법은 5-Fluorouracil과 Leucovorin을 5일간 일시 정주하였고 방사선치료기간 1주 및 5주째 투여하였으며 방사선치료 종료 후 약 6주경에 근치적 절제술을 시행하였다. Mouse 단클론 항체인 CD와 p53을 이용하여 면역염색을 시행하였다. CD 및p53이 종양세포 및 종양기질세포에 10% 이상 발현 시 양성으로 판정하였다. 결과: 종양세포내 CD 발현은 57명(64%)이 양성이었고 종양기질세포내 양성은 71명(80%)이었다. p53의 종양세포내 발현은 35명(39%)이 양성을 보였다. 성별, 환자나이, 종양의 운동성, 종양의항문 연으로부터의 거리, 임상적 TNM 병기에 따라 종양세포 및 종양기질세포내 CD 발현 및 p53 발현의 통계적 차이가 없었다. 종양세포와 종양기질세포내 CD발현 사이에 양적인 상호 연관성이 있었다(p=0.01). 종양세포내 CD발현과 p53의 발현은 통계적인 상호관련성이 없었다(p=0.79). 단변량분석 및 다변량분석 상 5년 전체생존율 및 무병생존율에 대한 예후인자로서 종양세포 및 종양기질세포내 CD 발현과 p53은 통계적 유의성이 없었다. 그러나 종양세포 및 종양기질세포내 CD 발현에 따른 하위집단 생존율 분석상 종양세포 및 종양기질세포내 CD 발현이 음성인 경우가 5년 전체생존율이 75%로서 가장 높았으며 종양기질세포내에만 CD가 발현된 경우는 5년 전체생존율 29%로서 가장 낮았다(p=0.01). 결론: 수술 전 방사선화학요법을 시행 받은 국소진행된 직장암 환자에서 치료 전 직장암 생검조직 내에서의 p53 발현은 유의한 생존예후인자는 아니었으며 CD가 종양세포에는 발현되지 않고 종양기질세포에만 발현 시 전체생존율에 불량한 예후인자였다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제4권1_2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1989

This work was carried out to investigate the pollution of heavy metals and pH in soil, collected from the 156 sampling sites in 1987. 1. In the average contents of Cd, the highest value was 0.40 mg/kg in the Outskirt of Seoul area, the lowest value was 0.11 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 0.21∼0.39 mg/kg in the other areas. 2. In the average contents of Cu, the highest value was 32.50 mg/kg in the Motorway area, the lowest value was 2.96 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 9.53∼24.41 mg/kg in the other areas. 3. In the average contents of As, the highest value was 1.32 mg/kg in the Reclamated waste area, the lowest value was 0.31 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 0.93∼1.32 mg/kg in the other areas. 4. In the average contents of Zn, the highest value was 27.33 mg/kg in the Center of city area, the lowest value was 9.97 mg/kg in the Greenbelt area, and 12.47∼25.23 mg/kg in the other areas. 5. In the average contents of Pb, the highest value was 125.25 mg/kg in the Motorway area, the lowest value was 12.99 mg/kg in the Farming area, and 17.01∼77.71 mg/kg in the other areas. 6. In the average contents of pH, the highest value was pH 7.08 in the Motorway area, the lowest value was pH 4.14 in the Greenbelt area, and pH 5.67～7.04 in the other areas. 7. The order of the distribution of heavy metals was Pb>Zn>Cu>As>Cd. There was significanthy correlation between Cd-Zn, Pb-Zn, Cu-Cd, Pb-Cu and Pb-Cd (p<0.01).

• 환경위생공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.46-55
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• 1999

This study compared the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions by crab shell, treated crab shell with 2N-HCl, treated crab shell with 4%-NaOH, chitin and chitosan.Using crushed crab shell, the heavy metal ions removal rates of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were about 70-80% in 45minutes, but the removal rates of $Cu^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ was less than 10%, 10% and 30%, respectively. For the by-products crab shell by 2N-HCl treatment, it was shown that the removal rates of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ were about 70-80% in 45minutes reaction. But, some problems were observed, that the contained protein in crab shell was changed into gel in the mixing solution after a few hours. For the by-products of crab shell by 4%-NaOH treatment, the removal rates of Pb and Zn were about 90% in 45 minutes, and those of capacity of chitin and chitosan powder was better than those of the other by-products. The more adding to the adsorbent dosages increased the removal rates, and the adsorption reaction was rapidly occurred in a few minute. Using 1.0 wt% chitin powder, the heavy metal removal rates were ordered $Cu^{2+}$(94%) > $Zn^{2+}$(89%) > $Cd^{2+}$(88%) > $Pb^{2+}$(77%) > $Cr^{6+}$(58%) in 45 minutes. Using 1.0 wt% chitosan powder, the heavy metal removal rates were ordered $Cu^{2+}$(99%) > $Pb^{2+}$(96%) > $Cd^{2+}$(79%) > $Zn^{2+}$(71%) > $Cr${6+}$(46%) in 45minutes. The degree of degree of deacetylation by prepared chitosan was 91%.The Freundlich adsorption isotherm of $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$, when it was applied to 1.0 wt% chitosan powder in minutes, can be acceptable very strictly. The equation constant (1/n) for $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were 0.54 0.41 and 0.23 respectively.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2008

It has been reported that bone marrow (BM)-side population (SP) cells, with hematopoietic stem cell activity, can transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and contribute to myocardial repair. However, this has been questioned by recent studies showing that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) adopt a hematopoietic cell lineage in the ischemic myocardium. The present study was designed to investigate whether BM-SP cells can in fact transdifferentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. Phenotypically, BM-SP cells were $19.59%{\pm}9.00\;CD14^+$, $8.22%{\pm}2.72\;CD34^+$, $92.93%{\pm}2.68\;CD44^+$, $91.86%{\pm}4.07\;CD45^+$, $28.48%{\pm}2.24\;c-kit^+$, $71.09%{\pm}3.67\;Sca-1^+$. Expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31, Flk-1, Tie-2 and VEGF-A) was higher in BM-SP cells than whole BM cells. After five days of co-culture with neonatal cardiomyocytes, $7.2%{\pm}1.2$ of the BM-SP cells expressed sarcomeric ${\alpha}$-actinin as measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, BM-SP cells co-cultured on neonatal cardiomyocytes fixed to inhibit cell fusion also expressed sarcomeric ${\alpha}$-actinin. The co-cultured BM-SP cells showed neonatal cardiomyocyte-like action potentials of relatively long duration and shallow resting membrane potential. They also generated calcium transients with amplitude and duration similar to those of neonatal cardiomyocytes. These results show that BM-SP cells are capable of functional cardiomyogenic differentiation when co-cultured with neonatal cardiomyocytes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.4849-4852
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• 2015

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been investigated as an effective agent to treat various cancers. Cancer stem cells are resistant to TRAIL treatment, but the mechanism of TRAIL resistance remains unknown. In this study, brain cancer stem cells were isolated by CD133 magnetic sorting, and the number of CD133 positive cells detected by flow cytometry. The self-renewing capacity of brain cancer stem cells was examined by a neurosphere formation assay, and the percentage of cell death after TRAIL treatment was examined by an MTS assay. Expression of DR5, FADD, caspase 8 and BCL2 proteins was detected by western blot. The amount of CD133 positive cells was enriched to 71% after CD133 magnetic sorting. Brain cancer stem cell neurosphere formation was significantly increased after TRAIL treatment. TRAIL treatment also reduced the amount of viable cells and this decrease was inhibited by a caspase 8 inhibitor or by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD (P<0.05). Brain cancer stem cells expressed lower levels caspase 8 protein and higher levels of BCL2 protein when compared with CD133 negative cells (P<0.05). Our data suggest that TRAIL resistance is related to overexpression of BCL2 and low expression of caspase 8 which limit activation of caspase 8 in brain cancer stem cells.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2007

Microstructural changes and hardness variations in STS 304 steel have been investigated during the processes of carbide dispersion (CD) carburization; carburization, austenitization, subzero treatment and tempering. The carbon content of the surface layer increased up to maximum 4.0% after carburization, and the content was homogenized with the value of 2.3% to the $95{\mu}m$ from the surface after austenitization. The carbide appeared during CD carburization process was $Cr_7C_3$ type, which was composed network carbides along the austenite grain boundaries, square type carbides in the interior of the grain and fine nano-sized carbides. The fine nano-sized carbides precipitated at the austenitization stage and possibly subzero treatment stage were coarsened after tempering at $200^{\circ}C$, resulting the hardness decrease. The tempered steel without subzero treatment increased hardness with increasing time due to the continuous precipitation of fine carbides during tempering. The nano-sized carbide appeared square type morphology.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

Objectives: The study was evaluated exposure variation and daily absorption level of cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air of monthly data from 1999 to 2017 for main exposure factor in outdoor workers. Methods: Based on the monthly data from 'The annual report of air quality in Korea from 1999 to 2018' in 'Air Korea' website in the Korean Ministry of Environment. The monthly data of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, cadmium, lead concentration of ambient air were recalculated to average, minimum, and maximum. And these data were combined to Asian-dust exposure data from 'The annual report of Asian-dust·smog in 2017' of National Institute of Meteorological Sciences in Korea. Results: Geometric mean(minimum-maximum) concentration in ambient air of monthly data were 0.0017 (ND-0.2015) mg/㎥ in cadmium and 0.0467(ND-0.8554) mg/㎥ in Pb from 1999 to 2017. Both of Cd and Pb concentration in ambient air showed the highest concentration in January and the lowest in August among annual variation from 1999 to 2017. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 level showed the highest in March(PM₁₀) and February (PM_2.5) the lowest in August both of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Discussion: Based on exposure data and prior reports, daily Cd absorption was estimated to 0.013(ND-1.511) mg/day from respiration and 1.89 mg/day from daily food(25.2 mg/day of daily Cd intake). In case of Pb, daily absorption was estimated to 0.350(ND-6.416) mg/day from respiration and 1.38-1.71 mg/day from daily food intake. Conclusion: Cd and Pb with Asian-dust have high influential factor to increase the Cd and Pb exposure at Winter and Spring season in outdoor workers.