• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.126-133
• /
• 2016

Unlike conventional T cells, innate CD8 T cells develop a memory-like phenotype in the thymus and immediately respond upon antigen stimulation, similar to memory T cells. The development of innate CD8 T cells in the thymus is known to require IL-4, which upregulates Eomesodermin (Eomes). These features are similar to that of virtual memory CD8 T cells and IL-4-induced memory-like CD8 T cells generated in the peripheral tissues. However, the relationship between these cell types has not been clearly documented. In the present study, IL-4-induced memory-like CD8 T cells generated in the peripheral tissues were compared with innate CD8 T cells in terms of phenotype and function. When an IL-4/anti-IL-4 antibody complex (IL-4C) was injected into C57BL/6 mice daily for 7 days, the Eomes^hiCXCR3⁺ CD8 T cell population was markedly increased in the peripheral lymphoid organs and blood. These cells were generated from naïve CD8 T cells or accumulated via the expansion of pre-existing CD44^hiCXCR3⁺ CD8 T cells. Initially, the majority of these CXCR3⁺ CD8 T cells expressed low levels of CD44, which was followed by the conversion to the CD44^hi phenotype. This conversion was associated with the acquisition of enhanced effector function. After discontinuation of IL-4C treatment, Eomes expression levels gradually decreased in CXCR3⁺ CD8 T cells. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that IL-4-induced memory-like CD8 T cells generated in the peripheral lymphoid tissues are phenotypically and functionally similar to the innate CD8 T cells generated in the thymus.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.211-224
• /
• 2002

Background and Objective : In order to investigate the effects of Gilgyunglwedok-tang (GRT) on antitumor activity and antimetastatic activity, studies were done experimentally. Materials and Methods : Experimental studies were perfonned for the cytotoxic effect on BALB/c mouse lung fibroblast cells, the proliferating effect of splenic lymphocyte, the expression of CD3e/CD4, CD3e/CD8, and B220 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the cytotoxic effect on A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, MCF-7 cells, the inhibitory effect on the activity of DNA topoisomerase I, the T/C% in ICR mice bearing S-180, the inhibitory effect of Cell adhesive of A549 Cells and SK-OY-3 Cells to complex extracellular matrix, the inhibitory effect on lung colonies, the change of lung tissue, the antiangiogenic activity, and the effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression in the RT1080 cell line. Results and Conclusion : The results were obtained as follows : 1. In the cytotoxic effect on BALB/C mouse lung fibroblast Cell, GHT didn't show the significant cytotoxic effect on BALB/C mouse lung fibroblast cell compared to the control group. 2. In thymidine uptake assay, GHT showed the significant proliferating effect of splenic lymphocyte in proportion to the concentration. 3. In the expression of CD3e/CD4, CD3e/CD8, and B220 in peripheral blood mononuclea cells (PBMCs) of mice, GRT had no significant change to the normal group in CD4. However, GRT showed an increase to the normal group in CD8 and GHT in the only $1\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ category showed an increase to the normal group in B220. 4. In the cytotoxic effect of GRT on A549, SK-OY-3, SK-MEL-2 and MCF-7 cells, there was no significant cytotoxic effect compared to the control group. 5. In the inhibitory effect on the activity of DNA topoisomerase I, GHT in the $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ category showed the inhibitory effect on the activity of DNA topoisomerase I in proportion to the concentration. 6. In the T/C% in ICRmice bearing S-180, GHTtreated group showed 123.7% of T/C% compared to the control group. 7. In the inhibitory effect of cell adhesive of A549 Cells and SK-OV-3 Cells to complex extracellular matrix, GRT in the only $100\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ category showed the significant inhibitory effect compared to the control group. 8. In the inhibitory effect on lung colonies, GHT showed the significant inhibitory effect on lung colonies compared to the control group. 9. In the change of lung tissue, GHT showed a significant decrease of lung cancer growth, interalveolar fibrosis and hyaline material compared to the control group. In the development of lymphocyte around lung cancer cells and lung parenchymal, GHT showed the significant inducement efficacy compared to the control group. 10. In CAM assay, the antiangiogenic activity of GHT showed 30%. 11. In the effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression in the RT1080 cell line, GHT had no significant inhibitory effect on MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression compared to the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that GHT has an antitumor activity and antimetastatic activity.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.210-213
• /
• 2008

Elongated CdSe nanoparticles with a diameter of 3-7nm have been successfully synthesized using two surfactants of trioctylphospine (TOP) and hexadecylamine (HDA) at $160^{\circ}C$. The formation of elongated CdSe nanoparticles is possibly due to the cooperative effects from both the different binding capability of two surfactants (TOP and HDA) and intrinsically anisotropic crystal structure of the CdSe. The electron diffraction pattern of CdSe nanoparticles revealed the formation of wurzite phase. The CdSe samples showed red-shifted wavelength from 560 to 580nm with increasing the refluxing time due to the gradual growth of CdSe nanoparticles. The relatively broad absorption band can be attributed to the surface state of CdSe nanoparticles. The possible formation mechanism of elongated CdSe nanoparticles was proposed and the characteristics of CdSe have been discussed as well.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.7
• /
• pp.751-769
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chitosan and NOCC from different sources and of different molecular weights on cadmium toxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were blocked into 26 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400 ppm in diet. Various forms of chitosan and NOCC were given at the level of 0 or 4%(w/w) of diet. Cd toxicity was alleviated by various chitosan and NOCC supplements. However, the alleviating effects were different with fiber source(crab and shrimp), type(chitosan and NOCC), and molecular weight (low, medium, and high). Molecular weight had no significant effect. Compared with shrimp-source-fiber-fed groups, crab-source-fiber-fed groups showed lower Cd concentrations in blood and kidney, lower kidney metallothionein concentration, and lower liver and kidney MT-Cd contents. Compared with NOCC -fed groups, chitosan-fed groups showed lower intestine and liver Cd concentrations, lower liver and kidney MT concentrations and MT-Cd content, and higher fecal Cd excretion. Among cadmium-exposed group, low molecular weight shrimp chitosan group showed low Cd concentrations of liver and kidney, high fecal Cd excretions, and the lowest intestine and liver MT concentrations and liver MT-Cd content. In summary, a crab source fiber was more effective than shrimp source fiber, chitosan was more effective than NOCC, and the most effective one in alleviating Cd toxicity was low molecular weight shrimp chitosan.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.29 no.11
• /
• pp.1173-1181
• /
• 1996

The causes of degenerative changes in allograft cardiac valves are not well known to this day. Today's preserved allografts possess highly viable endothelial cells and degeneration of allografts can be facilitated by immune reaction which may be mediated by these viable cells. To test the antigenicity of endothelial cells, pieces from aortic wall were obtained from fresh and cryo-preserved rat allograft. Timings of sampling were prior to sterilization, after sterilization, after 1, 2, 7, 14 days of fresh preservation and cryopreservation. Endothelial cells were tested by immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies to MHC class I(MRC OX-18), class II(MRC OX-6) and ICAM-1 antigens. After transplantation of each group of aortic allograft at the subcutaneous layers of rats, population of CD4$^{+}$ T cell and CD8$^{+}$ T cell were analyzed with monoclonal antibodies after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. MHC class I expression was 23.95% before preservation and increased to 35.53~48.08% after preservation(p=0.0183). MHC Class II expression was 9.72% before preservation and 10.13~13.39% after preservation(P=0.1599). ICAM-1 expression was 15.02% before preservation and increased to 19.85~35.33% after preservation(P=0.001). The proportion of CD4$^{+}$ T-cell was 42.13% before transplantation. And this was 49.23~36.8% after transplantation in No treat group (p=0.955), decreased to 29.56~32.80% in other group(p=0.0001~0.008). In all the groups, the proportion of CD8$^{+}$ T-cell increased from 25.57% before transplantation to 42.32~58.92% after transplantation(p=0.000l~0.0002). The CD4$^{+}$/CD8$^{+}$ ratio decreased from 1.22~2.28 at first week to 0.47~0.95 at eighth week(p=0.0001). The results revealed that the expression of MHC class I and ICAM-1 in aortic allograft endothelium were increased but that of MHC class II were not changed, despite the different method of preservation. During 8 weeks after transplantation of aortic allograft, the subpopulations of CD4$^{+}$ T cell were not changed or only slightly decreased but those of CD8$^{+}$ T cell were progressively increased.ely increased.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.83-99
• /
• 2000

A defective HIV-1 helper virus DNA, pHyPC, was assembled by deleting the RNA packaging signal, env, nef and the 3'LTR sequences. HIV-1 like virus particles that carry the HIV-1 receptor, CD4 were generated by co expression of pHyPC and plasmid DNAs encoding different chimeric CD4 proteins. The CD4 particles, sharing the CD4 ectodomain, precisely fused to different membrane anchors. CD4(+) particles specifically bound to HIV-1 Env expressing cells, but any signs of infection into these cells were not detected. Binding was only partially blocked by either polyclonal anti-CD4 antibodies or by high concentrations of soluble CD4. Surprisingly, CD4(+) particles also adsorbed to HeLa, CHO, NIH3T3 and COS-7 cells in the absence of HIV-1 Env expression. Adsorption was comparable in strength and speed to the highly specific CD4-Env interaction. CD4(-) particles exhibited only background levels of binding. Cell binding was CD4. dependent, but it was independent of the cell type from which the CD4(+) particles originated. Interestingly, CD4-dependent/Env-independent binding was only found when CD4 was present on virus particles. This suggests that the micro-environment of CD4 on virus particles uniquely expose this new cell binding activity. Its high affinity could explain in part why infection of Env(+) cells by CD4(+) particles was not detected. Further experiments will be required to evaluate whether this strong membrane interaction could represent one step in the multiple-step viral entry process.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2020

Doping or incorporation with exotic elements are two manners to regulate the optoelectronic properties of transparent conducting (TCO) cadmium oxide (CdO). Nevertheless, the method of doping host CdO by CdTe semiconductor is of high importance. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of CdTe-doped CdO films are studied for the sake of promoting their conducting parameters (CPs), including their conductivity, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility, along with transparency in the NIR spectral region; these are then compared with the influence of doping the host CdO by pure Te ions. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical absorption spectroscopy, and electrical measurements are used to characterise the deposited films prepared by thermal evaporation. Numerous results are presented and discussed in this work; among these results, the optical properties are studied through a merging of concurrent BGN (redshift) and BGW (blue shift) effects as a consequence of doping processes. The impact of hydrogenation on the characterisations of the prepared films is investigated; it has no qualitative effect on the crystalline structure. However, it is found that TCO-CPs are improved by the process of CdTe doping followed by hydrogenation. The utmost TCO-CP improvements are found with host CdO film including ~ 1 %Te, in which the resistivity decreases by ~ 750 %, carrier concentration increases by 355 %, and mobility increases by ~ 90 % due to the increase of N_carr. The improvement of TCO-CPs by hydrogenation is attributed to the creation of O-vacancies because of H₂ molecule dissociation in the presence of Te ions. These results reflect the potential of using semiconductor CdTe -doped CdO thin films in TCO applications. Nevertheless, improvements of the host CdO CPs with CdTe dopant are of a lesser degree compared with the case of doping the host CdO with pure Te ions.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 2003

Background: In kidney transplantation, donor specific transfusion may induce tolerance as a result of some immune regulatory cells against the graft. In organ transplantation, the immune state arises from a relationship between the immunocompromised graft and the immunocompetent host. However, a reverse immunological situation exists between the graft and the host in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In addition, early IL-2 injections after an allogeneic murine HSCT have been shown to prevent lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD) due to CD4+ cells. We investigated the induction of the regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells after a transfusion of irradiated recipient cells with IL-2 into a donor. Methods: The splenocytes (SP) were obtained from 6 week-old BALB/c mice ($H-2^d$) and irradiated as a single cell suspension. The donor mice (C3H/He, $H-2^k$) received $5{\times}10^6$ irradiated SP, and 5,000 IU IL-2 injected intraperitoneally on the day prior to HSCT. The CD4+CD25+ cell populations in SP treated C3H/He were analyzed. In order to determine the in vivo effect of CD4+CD25+ cells, the lethally irradiated BALB/c were transplanted with $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM and $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+CD25+ cells. The other recipient mice received either $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM with $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+ CD25- cells or the untreated SP. The survival and GVHD was assessed daily by a clinical scoring system. Results: In the MLR assay, BALB/c SP was used as a stimulator with C3H/He SP, as a responder, with or without treatment. The inhibition of proliferation was $30.0{\pm}13%$ compared to the control. In addition, the MLR with either the CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25- cells, which were isolated by MidiMacs, from the C3H/He SP treated with the recipient SP and IL-2 was evaluated. The donor SP treated with the recipient cells and IL-2 contained more CD4+CD25+ cells ($5.4{\pm}1.5%$) than the untreated mice SP ($1.4{\pm}0.3%$)(P<0.01). There was a profound inhibition in the CD4+CD25+ cells ($61.1{\pm}6.1%$), but a marked proliferation in the CD4+CD25- cells ($129.8{\pm}65.2%$). Mice in the CD4+CD25+ group showed low GVHD scores and a slow progression from the post-HSCT day 4 to day 9, but those in the control and CD4+CD25- groups had a high score and rapid progression (P<0.001). The probability of survival was 83.3% in the CD4+CD25+ group until post-HSC day 35 and all mice in the control and CD4+CD25- groups died on post-HSCT day 8 or 9 (P=0.0105). Conclusion: Donor graft engineering with irradiated recipient SP and IL-2 (recipient specific transfusion) can induce abundant regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells to prevent GVHD.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.391-395
• /
• 2005

The title complex, $[Cd(N_3)_2(2-ethylimidazole)_2]$, I, has been prepared and characterized by X-ray single crystallography. The complex I crystallizes in the monoclinic system, Cc space group with a = 16.200(3), b = 12.926(3), $c=7.007(1){\AA}$, ${\beta}=102.29(3)^{\circ}$, $V=1433.7(5){\AA}^3$, Z = 4, $R_1=0.0239$ and ${\omega}R_2=0.0604$ for 1874 independent reflections. Cd(II) atom has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry, with four end-on (${\mu}-1$,1) bridging azido ligands and two 2-ethylimidazole ligands bonding through nitrogen atom. The central cadmium(II) atoms are run in parallel to the c-axis and are doubly bridged with neighboring cadmium(II) atoms by the end-on (${\mu}-1$,1) bridging azido ligands. Thus, this complex has a one-dimensional zigzag chain structure in which the 2-ethylimidazole is in the cis conformation.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2017

The ability of dead cells of endophytic Drechslera hawaiiensis of Morus alba L. grown in heavy metals habitats for bioremoval of cadmium ($Cd^{2+}$), copper ($Cu^{2+}$), and lead ($Pb^{2+}$) in aqueous solution was evaluated under different conditions. Whereas the highest extent of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ removal and uptake occurred at pH 8 as well as $Pb^{2+}$ occurred at neutral pH (6-7) after equilibrium time 10 min. Initial concentration 30 mg/L of $Cd^{+2}$ for 10 min contact time and 50 to 90 mg/L of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ supported the highest biosorption after optimal contact time of 30 min achieved with biomass dose equal to 5 mg of dried died biomass of D. hawaiiensis. The maximum removal of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ equal to 100%, 100%, and 99.6% with uptake capacity estimated to be 0.28, 2.33, and 9.63 mg/g from real industrial wastewater, respectively were achieved within 3 hr contact time at pH 7.0, 7.0, and 6.0, respectively by using the dead biomass of D. hawaiiensis compared to 94.7%, 98%, and 99.26% removal with uptake equal to 0.264, 2.3, and 9.58 mg/g of $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$, respectively with the living cells of the strain under the same conditions. The biosorbent was analyzed by Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis to identify the various functional groups contributing in the sorption process. From FT-IR spectra analysis, hydroxyl and amides were the major functional groups contributed in biosorption process. It was concluded that endophytic D. hawaiiensis biomass can be used potentially as biosorbent for removing $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$ in aqueous solutions.