• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.275-282
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• 1996

The authors inquired into what reactions comprise the response of mice(as a model) CD3, CD4 and CD8 monoclonal antibodies in spleen tissue when injected intraperitoneally by antigens of Clonorchis sinensis. The author is objective was focused on investigating the property of cellular immunity for liver fluke. In particular, the results of having examined the phenotype of the tissue of spleen were revealed as follows: a certain length of time after having been intraperitoneally injected with antigens of Clonorchis sinensis and Freund's adjuvant, the tissue of spleen was embedded and immunohistochemically stained by the avidin-biotin complex method. A strong reaction in response to CD3, while a feeble reaction resulted from CD4 and CD8. The tissue region showed a positive reaction to all antibodies, especially from capsules, vascular areas, white pulps and membrane of blood cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.211-226
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• 2019

Pig CD45, the leukocyte common antigen, is encoded by the PTPRC gene and CD45 is a T cell-type specific tyrosine phosphatase with alternative splicing of its exons. The CD45 is a coordinated regulator of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction achieved by dephosphorylating the phosphotyrosine of its substances, including $CD3{\zeta}$ chain of TCR, Lck, Fyn, and Zap-70 kinase. A dysregulation of CD45 is associated with a multitude of immune disease and has been a target for immuno-drug discovery. To characterize its key structural features with the effects of regulating TCR signaling, this study predicted the unknown structure of pig CD45RO (the smallest isoform) and the complex structure bound to the ITAM (REEpYDV) of $CD3{\zeta}$ chain via homology modeling and docking the peptide, based on the known human CD45 structures. These features were integrated into the structural plasticity of extracellular domains and functional KNRY and PTP signature motifs (the role of a narrow entrance into ITAM binding site) of the tyrosine phosphatase domains in a cytoplasmic region from pig CD45RO. This contributes to the selective recognition of phosphotyrosine from its substrates by adjusting the structural stability and binding affinity of the complex. The characterized features of pigCD45RO can be applied in virtual screening of the T-cell specific immunomodulator.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2019

Tuberculosis, a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), differs in its status latency and activity because of the characteristics of MTB, immune status of the host, and genetic susceptibility. The host defense mechanism against MTB is caused mainly by interactions between macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. CD44 is expressed in activated T cells when infected with MTB and regulates lymphocyte migration. In addition, CD44 mediates leukocyte adhesion to the ECM and plays a role in attracting macrophages and $CD4^+$ T cells to the lungs. Therefore, genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene will inhibit the host cell immune mechanisms against MTB. This study examined whether the genetic polymorphism of the CD44 gene affects the susceptibility of tuberculosis. A total of 237 SNPs corresponding to the CD44 genes were analyzed using the genotype data of 443 tuberculosis cases and 3,228 healthy controls from the Korean Association Resource (KARE). Of these, 17 SNPs showed a significant association with the tuberculosis case. The most significant SNP was rs75137824 (OR=0.231, CI: 1.51~3.56, $P=1.3{\times}10^{-4}$). In addition, rs10488809, one of the 17 significant SNPs, is important for the tuberculosis outbreak can bind to the JUND and FOS transcription factors and can affect CD44 gene expression. This study suggests that polymorphism of the CD44 gene modulates the host susceptibility to tuberculosis in a variety of ways, resulting in differences in the status of tuberculosis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2003

Background: In kidney transplantation, donor specific transfusion may induce tolerance as a result of some immune regulatory cells against the graft. In organ transplantation, the immune state arises from a relationship between the immunocompromised graft and the immunocompetent host. However, a reverse immunological situation exists between the graft and the host in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In addition, early IL-2 injections after an allogeneic murine HSCT have been shown to prevent lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD) due to CD4+ cells. We investigated the induction of the regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells after a transfusion of irradiated recipient cells with IL-2 into a donor. Methods: The splenocytes (SP) were obtained from 6 week-old BALB/c mice ($H-2^d$) and irradiated as a single cell suspension. The donor mice (C3H/He, $H-2^k$) received $5{\times}10^6$ irradiated SP, and 5,000 IU IL-2 injected intraperitoneally on the day prior to HSCT. The CD4+CD25+ cell populations in SP treated C3H/He were analyzed. In order to determine the in vivo effect of CD4+CD25+ cells, the lethally irradiated BALB/c were transplanted with $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM and $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+CD25+ cells. The other recipient mice received either $1{\times}10^7$ donor BM with $5{\times}10^6$ CD4+ CD25- cells or the untreated SP. The survival and GVHD was assessed daily by a clinical scoring system. Results: In the MLR assay, BALB/c SP was used as a stimulator with C3H/He SP, as a responder, with or without treatment. The inhibition of proliferation was $30.0{\pm}13%$ compared to the control. In addition, the MLR with either the CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25- cells, which were isolated by MidiMacs, from the C3H/He SP treated with the recipient SP and IL-2 was evaluated. The donor SP treated with the recipient cells and IL-2 contained more CD4+CD25+ cells ($5.4{\pm}1.5%$) than the untreated mice SP ($1.4{\pm}0.3%$)(P<0.01). There was a profound inhibition in the CD4+CD25+ cells ($61.1{\pm}6.1%$), but a marked proliferation in the CD4+CD25- cells ($129.8{\pm}65.2%$). Mice in the CD4+CD25+ group showed low GVHD scores and a slow progression from the post-HSCT day 4 to day 9, but those in the control and CD4+CD25- groups had a high score and rapid progression (P<0.001). The probability of survival was 83.3% in the CD4+CD25+ group until post-HSC day 35 and all mice in the control and CD4+CD25- groups died on post-HSCT day 8 or 9 (P=0.0105). Conclusion: Donor graft engineering with irradiated recipient SP and IL-2 (recipient specific transfusion) can induce abundant regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells to prevent GVHD.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cadmium chloride ($CdCl_2$), toxicant, and the protective effect of Chelidonium majus (CM) extract on $CdCl_2$-induced cytotoxicity in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Cell viability, the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against $CdCl_2$, and the antioxidative effects including DPPH-free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity (SSA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were assessed. $CdCl_2$ caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, and $XTT_{50}$ value was determined at 38.7uM of $CdCl_2$. It was determined as highly-toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner' toxic criteria. BHT of antioxidant significantly increased cell viability severely damaged by $CdCl_2$-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. In the protective effect of CM extract on $CdCl_2$-induced cytotoxicity, CM extract significantly increased cell viability, DPPH-free radical scavenging activity, SSA and inhibitory activity of LDH. From these results, it is suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of $CdCl_2$, and CM extract showed protective efficacy on $CdCl_2$-induced cytotoxicity via antioxidative effects. Conclusively, natural resources like CM extract may be a putative antioxidative agent for the detoxification or diminution of toxicity correlated with oxidative stress.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 1978

Effects of Zn, P and Fe on Cd uptake and accumulations by tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and also their interactions on the uptake of Zn, Fe, Mn, P and Cd were investigated using batch type solution culture technique. Experiment 1 was a factorial scheme with 3 levels of Zn (0, 0.5, 2.5 ppm) and 3 levels of Cd (0, 0.2, 1.0 ppm). At 1.0 ppm Cd, significant yield reduction of dry matter and visual toxicity symptoms (yellowing and necrosis) of Cd was observed for all zinc levels. At this Cd level, increasing Zn treatment from 0 to 2.5 ppm increased Cd concentration from 199 to 235 ppm in leaves and from 124 to 145 ppm in stems. Similarly, Cd treatment did not suppress Zn uptake in leaves, and rather significantly increased in stems. Fe concentrations in leaves and stems were significantly reduced due to Cd treatment while Mn were increased by both Zn and Cd treatment. The results of experiment 2 with 3 levels of P (0.5, 2.0, 4.0m Mol) and 3 levels of Cd (0, 1.0, 2.0 ppm) in a factorial scheme also showed a growth reduction and visual toxic symptons from 1.0 ppm Cd level. Increasing P treatment tend to increase Cd concentrations in leaves and stems although it was not statistically significant. Increasing P concentration due to Cd treatment could be the 'concentration' effect as a result of reduced growth, while there was significant decrease in Fe concentration due to Cd treatment in spite of possible 'concentration' effect. Mn concentration was increased at 1.0 ppm Cd level and then dropped at 2.0 ppm Cd level. Zu concentration in leaves and stems showed significant increase as Cd treatment increased as observed in experiment 1. Experiment 3 had 3 levels of Fe (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ppm) and 3 levels of Cd (0, 0.8, 1.6 ppm) treatments in a factorial design. Significant growth reduction and visual toxic symptoms as observed in experiment 1 and 2 were also observed from 0.8 ppm Cd level. Increasing Fe treatment obviously alleviated toxic symptoms, improved growth and significantly increased dry matter yield. At 0.8 ppm Cd treatment level, increasing Fe treatment from 0.5 to 2.0 ppm significantly decreased Cd concentration from 141 to 92 ppm in leaves and from 101 to 46 ppm in stems. At 1.6 ppm Cd treatment level the decrease was from 224 to 167 ppm in leaves and from 124 to 109 ppm in stems. As in the case of experiment 1 and 2, Fe concentration in leaves and stems were reduced as Cd treatment increased to 1.6 ppm at 0.5 and 1. 0 Fe treatment levels, whereas at 2.0 ppm Fe level, Cd treatment increased Fe concentration in leaves and stems showing significant interactions of Fe and Cd on Fe uptake. Cd effect on Zn and Mn showed similar results to experiment 1 and 2 and Fe treatments reduced Zn and Mn concentrations in plant tissue. The results of 3 experiments show that P and Zn did not manifest suppressive effect on Cd uptake, Fe significantly demonstrated it. Fe also alleviated Cd toxicity symptoms significantly in terms of visual symptoms and dry matter yield. Visual toxicity symptoms were definitely related to Fe status in plant tissue as well as possible physiological effect of Cd itself, and the results suggest that Fe requirement for normal growth increase as Cd element is present in plant tissue. Zn accumulated more in stems than in leaves whereas Cd, Fe and Mn showed the opposite trend in all experiments.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2795-2798
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• 2012

Objective: This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of anti-HER-2${\times}$anti-CD3 bi-specific antibodies(BsAb) on HER-2/neuover-expressing human colorectal carcinoma cells. Methods: Growth was assessed by MTT assays after exposure of HCT-116 cells to Herceptin, anti-CD3 and BsAb antibodies. Immunocytochemistry was applied to test the HER-2 level of HCT-116. In a nude mouse model, HER-2${\times}$CD3 BsAb was combined with effector cells (peripheral blood lymph cells from normal human being) for observations on in Vivo growth of tumors. Results: Compared with the control group, using effector cells combined with anti-CD3 McAb, Herceptin or HER2${\times}$CD3 BsAb, tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo was significantly inhibited (P<0.05), most remarkably in the HER2${\times}$CD3 BsAb case. The growth of xenografts with HER2${\times}$CD3 BsAb combined with effector cells was also significantly inhibited when compared with the anti-CD3 McAb or Herceptin groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: HER-2/neu might be a useful target for immunotherapy in colorectal carcinoma, anti-HER2${\times}$anti-CD3 BsAb exerting clear anti-tumor effects.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07d
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• pp.1370-1372
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• 1998

Boron doped CdS films were prepared by CBD(Chemical Bath Deposition) method using boric acid ($B_3HO_3$) as donor dopant source, and their properties were investigated. As-grown CdS films were highly adherent and specularly reflective. Boron doped CdS film which was fabricated under the condition of 0.01 $B_3HO_3/Cd(Ac)_2$ mole ratio, exhibited the lowest resistivity of $2{\Omega}cm$ and the highest optical bandgap of 2.41eV. Also, CdS/CdTe solar cells were fabricated with various doping concentration of CdS films. Using optimized CdS film as the window layer of CdS/CdTe solar cell, the characteristics of the cell were improved. ( $V_{oc}$=610mV, $J_{sc}$=37.5mA/cm, FF=0.4, $\eta$=9.1% )

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.365-376
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• 2006

To identify immune response of leukocytes in peripheral blood of cattle vaccinated with an attenuated live Akabane virus vaccine, leukocytes were reacted with monoclonal antibodies which are specific to bovine lymphocyte surface antigens and assayed by the flow cytometry. Serum neutralizing (SN) test was used to measure antibody titers after vaccination, SN antibody was appeared to 7 days post-vaccination (PV) and 2-8 antibody titers were observed in 14 days PV. Proportion of $CD8^-$ MHC $class II^+$ expressing cells were rapidly increased at 3 days PV. $CD8^+$ MHC $class II^-$ cells were increased at 7 days PV. $CD4^+CD8^-,\;WC^+CD4^-,\;CD4^+CD8^+,\;WC1^-CD4^+, \;WC1^-CD8^+$, and $CD4^-CD8^+$ cells were highly increased at 3, 3, 7, 7, 14, 14 days PV, respectively.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

Background: CD30 is a member of TNF receptor family and expressed on lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cells following activation as well as Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, CD30-mediated regulation of cell adhesion molecule expression on normal activated mouse T cells was investigated. Methods: Mouse T cells were activated with anti-CD3 antibody for induction of CD30, which was cross-linked by immobilized anti-CD30 antibody. Results: High level of CD30 expression on T cells was observed on day 5, but only little on day 3 even under culture condition resulting in an identical T cell proliferation, indicating that CD30 expression requires a prolonged stimulation up to 5 days. Cross-linking of CD30 alone altered neither proliferation nor apoptosis of normal activated T cells. Instead, CD30 appeared to promote cell adherence to culture substrate, and considerably upregulated ICAM-1 and, to a lesser extent, ICAM-2 expression on activated T cells, whereas CD2 and CD18 (LFA-1) expression was not affected. None of cytokines known as main regulators of ICAM-1 expression on tissue cells (IL 4, $IFN{\gamma}$ and $IFN{\alpha}$) enhanced ICAM-1 expression in the absence of CD30 signals. On the other hand, addition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor, PDTC (0.1 mM) completely abrogated the CD30-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 expression, but not CD2 and ICAM-2 expression. Conclusion: This results support that CD30 upregulates ICAM-1 expression of T cell and such regulation is not mediated by higher cytokine production but $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Therefore, CD30 may play important roles in T-T or T-B cell interaction through regulation of ICAM-1, and -2 expression.