• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.171-179
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• 2007

Ecotourism has a concept of conservation as a basis, for economic and social values are derived from the sustainable use of natural resources. This study aims to introduce natural landscape of the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland and to describe its conservation and tourism in the Park, in order to provide the implication of landscape conservation of National Parks in Korea. Although the National Parks of Scotland were officially established long after those of England and Wales, their important features had already been internationally recognised and designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest(SSSI), National Nature Reserve(NNR), or National Scenic Area(NSA). These focus on landscape conservation and are managed by Scottish Natural Heritage(SNH). The Cairngorms National Park focuses on landscape conservation and recreation, and has been the subject of a number of initiatives attempting to assess landscape resource potential and its current and future management. This implies that a carefully preserved landscape has the effect of a tourism resource in which tourists look for novelty embedded in the typicality of the landscape of the National Park. The typical landscape which is conserved in the Cairngorms National Park is understood as both an objective representative and a subjective ideal involving the meaning of the landscape. This is implicit in the tourist booklet that promotes the sightseeing activities of tourists. It is thus important that National Parks should be focused both on managing landscape as well as promoting tourism.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.482-492
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• 2006

This study has a purpose of examining the relationship between visual preference and typicality of natural landscapes in view of cross-cultural comparison. Both the photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and those of the Jirisan National Park of Korea were used for selecting typical landscape of each National Park. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire was implemented to the visitors of each National Park. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between age and number of visits and that Cairngorms visitors had visited the Park more frequently. The high typicality of Cairngorms landscape was negatively related to visual preferences. On the other hand, in case of Jirisan visitors, the high typicality of Jirlsan landscape was positively related to visual preferences. Although there was a significant relationship between typicality and visual preference, the way in which they were related differed between the separate cultural regions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.289-300
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• 2008

This study aims to discriminate differences in natural landscapes between the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland and the Jirisan National Park in Korea, using functions of content-based image retrieval such as texture, shape, and color. Digital photographs of each National Park were taken and selected. The low-level functions of photographic images were reduced to orthogonally rotated five factors. Based on the reduced factors, a linear decision boundary was obtained between Cairngorms landscapes and Jirisan landscapes. As a result, the discriminant function significantly delineated two groups, resulting in $x^2=63.40$ with df=5(p<0.001). Both the eigenvalue 2.417 and the value of wilks' lambda 0.29 supported that the most proportion of total variability came from the differences between the means of discriminant function of groups. It was estimated that four independent variables explained about 70.7% of total variance of dependent variable. The variable with the largest effect on landscapes was far region-related factor(r=1.07), followed by near region-related factor (r=0.90). A total of 90.7% of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. It was interpreted that far distant regions, as well as near distant regions, had sufficient discrimination power for landscape classification between the Cairngorms National Park and the Jirisan National Park, so that landscape identity of the National Park over cultures was revealed by skylines in a most effective way. Relatively fewer factors making visual landscapes were effectively used to classify natural landscapes of the National Parks which had different semantics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.768-777
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• 2006

The purpose of this study lies in formulating the landscape preference model using a conditional logit that involves the effect of visual elements as well as landscape itself on landscape preferences. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire composed of paired photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and the Jirisan National Park of Korea was distributed to visitors to the Jirisan National Park of Korea. Visual elements of landscape quantitatively measured by photogrammetry were reduced to orthogonal principal components that were subsequently used as explanatory variables in a conditional logit. As a result, the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself satisfied the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) property and showed reliable goodness of fit (${\rho}^2=0.25$). It was concluded that the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself was appropriate for landscape preference model rather than usual conditional logit excluding the effect.