Browse > Article

Discriminant Analysis of Natural Landscape Features in National Parks between Korea and Scotland - Using Low-Level Functions of Content-Based Image Retrieval -  

Lee, Duk-Jae (Dept. of Forest Science, Sangji University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology / v.22, no.3, 2008 , pp. 289-300 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study aims to discriminate differences in natural landscapes between the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland and the Jirisan National Park in Korea, using functions of content-based image retrieval such as texture, shape, and color. Digital photographs of each National Park were taken and selected. The low-level functions of photographic images were reduced to orthogonally rotated five factors. Based on the reduced factors, a linear decision boundary was obtained between Cairngorms landscapes and Jirisan landscapes. As a result, the discriminant function significantly delineated two groups, resulting in $x^2=63.40$ with df=5(p<0.001). Both the eigenvalue 2.417 and the value of wilks' lambda 0.29 supported that the most proportion of total variability came from the differences between the means of discriminant function of groups. It was estimated that four independent variables explained about 70.7% of total variance of dependent variable. The variable with the largest effect on landscapes was far region-related factor(r=1.07), followed by near region-related factor (r=0.90). A total of 90.7% of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. It was interpreted that far distant regions, as well as near distant regions, had sufficient discrimination power for landscape classification between the Cairngorms National Park and the Jirisan National Park, so that landscape identity of the National Park over cultures was revealed by skylines in a most effective way. Relatively fewer factors making visual landscapes were effectively used to classify natural landscapes of the National Parks which had different semantics.
Keywords
SCOTTISH LANDSCAPE; PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE; LANDSCAPE IDENTITY;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Brown, T.(1994) Conceptualizing smoothness and density as landscape elements in visual resource management. Landscape and Urban Planning 30(1-2): 49-58   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Cheng, Y. and S. Chen(2003) Image classification using color, texture and regions. Image and Vision Computing 21: 759-776   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Fairbrother, N.(1970) New lives, New landscapes. Architectural Press, London, 397pp
4 Foley,D. J.,A. vanDam,K. S. Feiner and F. J.Hughes(1995)Computer graphics: principles and practice(2nd ed.), Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass, 1175pp
5 Han, G.(2005) A study on landscape Characteristics of Odesan National Park by using GIS and RS. Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 8(4): 114-122
6 Institute of Environmental Assessment and the Landscape Institute(1995) Guidelines for landscape and visual impact assessment. E and FN SPON, London, 126pp
7 Jain, A. and D. Zongker(1997) Feature selection: evaluation, application, and small sample performance. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19(2): 153-158   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Antani, S. R. Kasturi and R. Jain(2002) A survey on the use of pattern recognitionmethods for abstraction, indexing and retrieval of images and video. Pattern Recognition 35: 945-965   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Arriaza, M. J. F. Canas-Ortega, J. A. Canas-Madueno, and P. Ruiz-Aviles(2004) Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 69(1): 115-125   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Black Jr. A. J., K. Kahol, P. Tripathi and S. Panchanathan(2003) Visual concept derivation from natural scenery images using lexical basis functions, multidimensional scaling, and density clustering. Proceedings of the 1st Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence. India: IICAI. pp. 5-17
11 Koh, D.(1997) Visual impact assessment of Hallasan National Park management action. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 11(1): 1-17
12 Cornford, A. and S. Dale(1990) Design and management of interior landscape. In B. Clouston(ed.), Landscape design with plants(2nd ed.), Architectural Press, Oxford, 448pp
13 Colvin, B.(1990) Trees in the Countryside. In B. Clouston(ed.), Landscape design with plants(2nd ed.), Architectural Press, Oxford, 448pp
14 Fisher, R. A.(1938) The statistical utilization of multiple measurements. Ann. Eugen. 8: 376-386   DOI
15 Hehl-Lange, S.(2001) Structural elements of the visual landscape and their ecological functions. Landscape and Urban Planning 54(1-4): 107-115   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Russell, P., J. Deregowski and P. Kinnear(1980) Chapter 4. Perception and aesthetics. InW. J.Berry, R. P. Dasen, and S.T. Saraswathi(eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology vol.2. Basic processes and human development, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 546pp
17 Shafer, L. E., E. J. Hamilton and A. E. Schmidt(1969) Natural landscape preferences: a predictive model. Journal of Leisure Research 1(1): 1-19   DOI
18 Lucas, O. W. R.(1991) The design of forest landscapes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 381pp
19 Lee, D.(2006) Cross-cultural comparison of landscape preference for the National Park: An approach from a typicality of landscape. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 20(4): 482-492   과학기술학회마을
20 Lamb, R. J. and A. T. Purcell(1990) Perception of naturalness in landscape and its relationship to vegetation structure. Urban Landscape Planning 19: 333-352   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Garcia, L., J. Hernandez and F. Ayuga(2003) Analysis of the exterior colour of agroindustrial buildings: a computer aided approach to landscape integration. Journal of Environmental Management 69: 93-104   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Purcell, A. T.(1992) Abstract and specific physical attributes and the experience of the landscape. Journal of Environmental Management 34: 159-177   DOI
23 Everitt, S. B. and G. Dunn(2001) Applied multivariate data analysis(2nd ed.), Arnold, London, 342pp
24 Daniel, T.C. and J. Vining(1983) Methodological issues in the assessment of landscape quality. In I. Altman and J. Wohwill (eds.), Behavior and the natural environment. Chap. 2. Plenum Press, New York, 346pp
25 Kaufman, A. J. and V. I. Lohr(2004) Does plant color affect emotional and physiological responses to landscapes? Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 639: 229-233
26 Wang, M. Y. and H. Zhang(2004) Detecting image orientation based on low-level visual content. Computer Vision and Image Understanding 93: 328-346   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Appleton, K. and A. Lovett(2003) GIS-based visualisation of rural landscapes: defining 'sufficient' realism for environmental decision-making. Landscape and Urban Planning 65: 117-131   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Kim, S. and J. Huh(2007) A study on the image and visual preference for the Seongpanak district at the Mt. Hallasan. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 21(2): 134-140   과학기술학회마을
29 Bae, J.(1997) A study on the classification of landscape unit and viewshed analysis using GIS and MESH method. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 11(3): 326-333
30 Im, S. and J. Shin(1998) A study on the visual resourcemanagement for Soraksan National Parks and adjacent area. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 26(2): 283-292
31 Jain, A. K., R. P.W. Duin and J.Mao(2000) Statistical pattern recognition: a review. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22(1): 437
32 Rui, Y. and S. T. Huang(1999) Image retrieval: current techniques, promising directions, and open issues. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 10: 39-62   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Ervin, M. S.(2001) Digital landscape modelling and visualisation: a research agenda. Landscape and Urban Planning 54: 49-62   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Steinitz, C.(1990) Toward a sustainable landscape with high visual preference and high ecological integrity: the loop road in Acadia National Park, U.S.A. Landscape and Urban Planning 19(3): 213-250   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Zube, E. H., J. L. Sell and J. G. Taylor(1982) Landscape perception: research, application and theory. Landscape Planning 9: 1-33   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Litton, R. B.(1982) Visual assessment of natural landscapes. Western Geographical Series 20: 97-114
37 Purcell, A. T., R. J. Lamb, E. Mainardi Peron and S. Falchero(1994) Preference or preferences for landscape. Journal of Environmental Psychology 14: 195-205   DOI
38 Fisher, R. A.(1936) The use ofmultiplemeasurements in taxonomic problems. Ann. Eugen 7: 179-188   DOI
39 Theodoridis, S. and K. K. Koutroumbas(1999) Pattern recognition. Academic Press, San Diego, 625pp
40 Vailaya, A., A. Jain and H. J. Zhang(1998) On image classification: city images vs. landscapes. Pattern Recog. 31(12): 1921-1935   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Schrader, S.(1997) ERDAS IMAGINE: field guide. Manchester Computing, Manchester, 660pp
42 Hands, E. D. and D. R. Brown(2002) Enhancing visual preference of ecological rehabilitation sites. Landscape and Urban Planning 58: 57-70   DOI   ScienceOn