• 한국어교육
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1-38
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• 2017

This longitudinal study analyzed syntactic development (Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency; CAF) of six L2 Korean learners in a natural learning context. The learners recalled the stories of a short animated video through speaking and writing every 3 months, from month 0 to 15. The learners' responses were analyzed for a series of CAF measures and their cognitive, psychological, and social variables were investigated. The results showed that (i) L2 Korean learners' speaking and writing in various time periods showed significant differences in spoken and written accuracy, and complexity; (ii) the correlation between spoken and written complexity, spoken and written accuracy, as well as spoken and written fluency were significant, and (iii) the regression analysis showed that learners' cognitive, social, and psychological variables have significant effect on the L2 Korean syntactic development. The current study reports that L2 Korean learners engaged in self-learning in a natural learning environment without formal instruction made significant syntactic development.

• Composites Research
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.383-387
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• 2023

탄소섬유 복합재료는 우수한 물성을 바탕으로 산업 전반에 활용되고 있으나 취성이 강하다는 단점이 있다. 연신율이 높은 소재와의 하이브리드화를 통해 강도는 다소 감소되더라도 파괴인성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 탄소섬유와 아라미드섬유를 하이브리드한 적층 판재의 물성을 평가하되, 적층 순서를 다르게 하여 이종 재료와의 계면 형성 정도를 조절하였다. 그 결과 25%의 아라미드 섬유 포함 시 순수 탄소섬유 대비 최대 63%의 Izod 충격강도의 향상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 중간 정도의 복잡도를 가진 적층순서 [CF/CAF₂/CF]_s 에서 가장 우수하였다. 그러나 전체적인 복합화 효과는 부정적인 것으로 분석되었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.409-416
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• 2007

본 연구는 일상의 기호 음료이며 기능성 식품으로 각광을 받고 있는 녹차 중 수공 덖음 제다기법으로 제조한 보성 녹차의 제조 공정 및 저장 보관 중의 catechin 및 alkaloids의 함량 변화를 파악하고자 HPLC 와 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer 를 이용하여 실험하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 덖음차 제조 과정 중의 catechin, alkaloid 류의 변화를 조사한 결과, 차나무로부터 채취한 신선한 차잎은 EGCG 가 50.44 mg/g 으로 가장 많았으며 다음이 ECG 28.41 mg/g, CAF 25.13 mg/g, CG 가 1.26 mg/g, THB 1.24 mg/g, THP 0.10 mg/g 으로 소량 함유되어 있었다. Catechin, alkaloid류의 각 제조 과정 중의 함량 변화를 살펴보면 CG 를 제외한 모든 성분에서 제조 과정중의 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Catechin의 함량은 생잎일 때는 6.58 mg/g 이었으나 건조 후에는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, GCG는 생잎일 때는 6.43 mg/g 이었으나 건조 후에는 3.61 mg/g 으로 급격하게 감소하였다. 또한 THB와 THP 역시 생잎일 때보다 건조한 후에 함량이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 저장 중 녹차 잎의 catechin 과 alkaloid 류의 함량 변화를 조사해 본 결과, $5^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C$ 저장 중의 녹차 잎 모두에서 EGCG, ECG, CAF의 감소가 많았고, 1 년간 저장 시에는 $20{\sim}30%$나 감소하였으며, 저장 온도에 따른 catechin 및 alkaloid 류의 양적 차이는 거의 나타나지 않아 저장 온도에 따른 catechin 과 alkaloid 류의 함량 변화는 거의 없는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.126-134
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• 1998

In this paper, the field test by truck load and the structural analysis were performed on a prestressed concrete beam bridge to investigate the load carrying capacity of the prestressed concrete beam bridges. From the results of the field test and the structural analysis, CAF (composite action factor), TIF(transformed impact factor), and $P_n$(load carrying capacity) of the prestressed concrete beam bridges were studied, and the load carrying capacity assessment of the prestressed concrete beam bridges were carried out using these factors.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.718-721
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 위성 통신 네트워크에서 유해전파를 송신하는 미지의 유해 혼신원의 위치를 추정하기 위해 교차모호함수 맵을 이용하는 방법에 대해 제안한다. 유해 혼신원의 위치를 추정하기 위해 지구국에 수신된 유해전파 신호들 간의 수신 시간차와 유해 혼신원 혹은 수신 지구국들의 움직임으로 발생하게 되는 주파수 차를 구해야 하는데, 이 수신 시간차와 주파수 차를 구하기 위해 교차모호 함수가 이용된다. 교차모호 함수를 이용하여 시간 차와 주파수 차를 구하는 과정을 일정한 시간 간격으로 수행하고 이 값들 간의 상관 값을 구하여 최종적인 유해 혼신원의 위치를 추정한다. 실험 결과 $E_b/N_0$가 10~4 dB에서는 약 800 m오차가 발생하였고, $E_b/N_0$가 -20 dB에서는 약 13 km의 오차가 발생하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6845-6850
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• 2013

Background: This study was performed to gather data on second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations in a range of public venues following the implementation of partial Smoke-Free Legislation in Malaysia in 2004. Materials and Methods: $PM_{2.5}$ was measured as a marker of SHS levels in a total of 61 restaurants, entertainment centres, internet caf$\acute{e}$s and pubs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Results: Under the current smoke-free laws smoking was prohibited in 42 of the 61 premises. Active smoking was observed in nearly one-third (n=12) of these. For premises where smoking was prohibited and no active smoking observed, the mean (standard deviation) indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was 33.4 (23.8) ${\mu}g/m^3$ compared to 187.1 (135.1) ${\mu}g/m^3$ in premises where smoking was observed The highest mean $PM_{2.5}$ was observed in pubs [361.5 (199.3) ${\mu}g/m^3$]. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of high levels of SHS across a range of hospitality venues, including about one-third of those where smoking is prohibited, despite 8 years of smoke-free legislation. Compliance with the legislation appeared to be particularly poor in entertainment centres and internet caf$\acute{e}$s. Workers and non-smoking patrons continue to be exposed to high concentrations of SHS within the hospitality industry in Malaysia and there is an urgent need for increased enforcement of existing legislation and consideration of more comprehensive laws to protect health.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.600-605
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• 2018

The Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus are the only cetacean species that can be observed visually on coastal areas of Jeju Island and regarded as one of valuable tour resources. We attempted to figure out location and timing information of the dolphin sightings collected from two major social media, Naver $Caf{\acute{e}}$ and Instagram. 142 of dolphin sighting information were derived from 2,501 dolphin related postings on Naver $Caf{\acute{e}}$ between 2004 to 2017. 292 informative postings also were found on Instagram through hashtag searching. The number of posts about dolphin sighting was not frequent until 2014. Since 13 posts were found in 2014, dramatic increase of the sighting numbers was accelerated as 38 in 2015, 93 in 2016 and 269 in 2017. 195 (45.7%) from coastal area of Daejeong-eup, south-western part of the Island, were posted. The number of dolphin sightings also high from Gujwa-eup(n=50, 11.7%), Hangyeong-myeon (n=49, 11.5%), Seongsan-eup (n=38, 8.9%) and Seogwipo-si (n=34, 8.0%). Our results show that social media data has a high potential to be used as a data source for study of distribution pattern of the dolphins.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2016

본 연구는 시판 녹차를 5가지 저장 온도($30^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $-15^{\circ}C$, $-40^{\circ}C$)에서 6개월간 저장하면서 카테킨류, 알칼로이드류 및 테아닌의 함량에 대하여 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 저장 온도에 따른 카테킨류의 변화는 저장 기간 6개월의 녹차를 비교하였을 때 $30^{\circ}C$ > $15^{\circ}C$ > $4^{\circ}C$ > $-15^{\circ}C$ > $-40^{\circ}C$의 순서였다. 총 알칼로이드류 함량은 저장기간이 길어질수록 총량은 감소하여, TB와 TP는 저장 온도 $30^{\circ}C$에서는 감소의 폭이 많았으나, $-15^{\circ}C$, $-40^{\circ}C$에서는 변화가 적었다. 테아닌의 함량은 $30^{\circ}C$에서보다 $4^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 저장할 때 더 높았다. 이러한 결과는 저장 온도와 저장기간이 녹차의 품질에 매우 중요하며, 냉장이나 냉동 상태로 저장하는 것이 녹차의 품질 유지에 도움이 될 것이다.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2013

Purpose: McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is caused by activating mutations in the GNAS gene, resulting in peripheral precocious puberty, caf$\acute{e}$-au-lait spots, and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (POFD). The aim of the present study was to describe the diverse clinical and endocrine characteristics of patients with MAS. Methods: Seven patients with MAS were included in this study and medical charts were reviewed retrospectively for following parameters: patient's sex and age at diagnosis, POFD, ovarian cysts, and precocious puberty. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was $5.8{\pm}4.2$ years. One patient was male (14%) and the other six patients were female (86%). Peripheral precocious puberty was associated with 6 patients (86%). Five patients manifested premature menarche as early as 2 to 5 years of age. Letrozole was administered to 4 patients, tamoxifen to one patient and GnRH agonist to one patient. Five females developed ovarian cysts. Thyroid function tests were performed in all patients and one patient showed hyperthyroidism (14%) and has been treated with methimazole. One patient presented with pseudohypoparathyroisdism, phosphaturia, calciuria suggesting hypophosphatemic rickets. Six patients (86%) revealed POFD. One patient had symptoms of optic nerve compression and secondary esotropia and 2 patients had bone pain. Conclusion: This study described clinical characteristics and endocrine complications of patients with MAS. Careful physical examinations with history taking and serial endocrine function tests should be needed to detect complications such as endocrinologic hyperfunction and POFD.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1288-1298
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• 2019

Bacterial ATP synthases drive ATP synthesis by a rotary mechanism, and play a vital role in physiology and cell metabolism. Corynebacterium glutamicum is well known as an industrial workhorse for amino acid production, and its ATP synthase operon contains eight structural genes and two adjacent genes, cg1360 and cg1361. So far, the physiological functions of Cg1360 (GenBank CAF19908) and Cg1361 (GenBank CAF19909) remain unclear. Here, we showed that Cg1360 was a hydrophobic protein with four transmembrane helices (TMHs), while no TMH was found in Cg1361. Deletion of cg1360, but not cg1361, led to significantly reduced cell growth using glucose and acetic acid as carbon sources, reduced F1 portions in the membrane, reduced ATP-driven proton-pumping activity and ATPase activity, suggesting that Cg1360 plays an important role in ATP synthase function. The intracellular ATP concentration in the ${\Delta}cg1360$ mutant was decreased to 72% of the wild type, while the NADH and NADPH levels in the ${\Delta}cg1360$ mutant were increased by 29% and 26%, respectively. However, the ${\Delta}cg1361$ mutant exhibited comparable intracellular ATP, NADH and NADPH levels with the wild-type strain. Moreover, the effect of cg1360 deletion on L-valine production was examined in the L-valine-producing V-10 strain. The final production of L-valine in the $V-10-{\Delta}cg1360$ mutant reached $9.2{\pm}0.3g/l$ in shake flasks, which was 14% higher than that of the V-10 strain. Thus, Cg1360 can be used as an effective engineering target by altering energy metabolism for the enhancement of amino acid production in C. glutamicum.