• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 1996

By using the ${\beta}$-tyrosinase of Citrobacter freundii KCT2006, which was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) was synthesized efficiently from pyrocatechol, sodium pyruvate, and ammonium acetate. Optimal temperature and pH for the reaction were determined to be about 18$^{\circ}C$ and 8.5, respectively. The effects of substrate concentrations were also examined at different concentrations of ammonium acetate, sodium pyruvate, and pyrocatechol. Ammoniumacetate and sodium pyruvate increased the reaction rate until the concentrations reached to 300mM and 50mM, respectively. Although pyrocatechol showed the optimal concentration at 20mM, it was controlled between 20mM and 50mM to avoid the depletion of substrate during the enzymatic synthesis. Meanwhile the synthetic rate was improved about 20% when ethanol was included in the reaction solution. Based on above results, a reaction medium for the productin of L-DOPA was prepared and incubated with 1 unit/ml of ${\beta}$-tyrosinase. Pyrocatechol and sodium pyruvate was added to the reaction solutin intermittently to avoid the substrate depletion during the enzymatic reaction. After 24 hour of reaction, 31.6g/l of L-DOPA was accumulated in the reaction solution as soluble and precipitated ones and the conversion yield was about 85.2%.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2010

Zinc finger-containing transcription factors are the largest single family of transcriptional regulators in mammals, which play an essential role in cell differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation. Here we have cloned a novel KRAB-related zinc finger gene, ZNF424, encoding a protein of 555aa. ZNF424 gene consisted of 4 exons and 3 introns, and mapped to chromosome 19p13.3. ZNF424 gene was ubiquitously expressed in human embryo tissues by Northern blot analysis. ZNF424 is conserved across species in evolution. Using a GFP-labeled ZNF424 protein, we demonstrate that ZNF424 localizes mostly in the nucleus. Transcriptional activity assays shows ZNF424 suppresses transcriptional activity of L8G5-luciferase. Overexpression of ZNF424 in HEK-293 cells inhibited the transcriptional activity of NFAT and p21, which may be silenced by siRNA. The results suggest that ZNF424 protein may act as a transcriptional repressor that suppresses NFAT and p21 pathway to mediate cellular functions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.205-220
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of glycine betaine to the diet on growth performance in pigs. A total of 400 pigs were divided into 4 feeding stages(Growing I: 23.10 $\pm$ 1.43, Growing II: 37.69$\pm$ 1.62, Finishing I: 66.51 $\pm$3.44 and Finishing II: 90.42$\pm$ 2.17 kg of initial body weight) then each feeding stage was divided into 4 treatment groups(Control: 0 0/0, Tl : 0.2 0/0, T2: 0.4% and T3 : 0.6 % of glycine betaine, respectively). The average daily gain and feed efficiency of T2 and T3 were significantly increased(p< 0.05) by dietary glycine betaine in stage I, 2 and 3. This result indicates that dietary glycine betaine could influence the pig growth performance. In feeding stage 4, the average daily gain and feed efficiency were significantly increased in 0.4% glycine betaine feeding group compared with other dietary groups(p < 0.05). Results suggest that feeding the pigs 0.4 % glycine betaine could be the most efficient dietary level. Crude protein, ether extract and crude ash digestibilities of 0.4% glycine betaine fed group were significantly increased compared with those of control group(p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in nutrient digestibilities among glycine betaine fed groups. Apparent faecal amino acid digestibilities of 0.4% glycine betaine fed group were more significantly higher than that of control group. The 0.4% glycine betaine fed group was significantly increased in apparent faecal amino acid digestibility compared with those of other glycine betaine fed group. No significant difference was shown in amount of microflora population between control and glycine betaine fed groups. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas emission were significantly decreased in 0.4% glycine betaine feeding group compared with other dietary groups(p < 0.05).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 1984

This experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of herbicide chlormethoxynil 7G, CNP 9G and butachlor 3.5/pyrazolate 6G on weed control and seedling growth in rice seedbed. Different quantities of the herbicides were applied as soil incorporation or surface broadcasting. At earlier sowing annual grasses such as Echinochlva spp. and Alopecurus spp. were dominated, but Cyperus spp. were dominated at later sowing. Weed suppression by herbicides was greater in soil incorporation than in broadcasting and chlormethoxynil 7G and CNP 9G application (30kg/ha) showed about 70% weed control, while butachlor 3.5/pyrazolate 6G (10-20kg/ha) showed 90 to 100% weed control. At lower rate of butachlor 3.5/pyrazolate 6G (10kg/ha) emergence ratio, healthy seedling ratio and relative growth rate of rice were higher, and phytotoxicity was lower than in the others.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to find out the simple and economical method to improve physical properties of the soil that was very poor for the establishment of orchard. Jeonnam clay loam soils distributed mainly on rolling and hill side slope, were treated with the explosion of two kinds of dynamite at the depth of 1 m. The change of physical properties was investigated vertically and horizontally after soil profile had settled to some extent. The results were summarized as : 1. The original soil was very high in bulk density and soil hardness. Total porosity and aeration porosities were lower than critical level providing root elongation. It was more apparent in the subsoil than in the surface soil. 2. It was recognized that soil mass destruction and cracking by dynamite explosion decreased soil bulk density and soil hardness and increased porosity, especially non-capillary pores. 3. Effective radius of the improved physical properties by explosion with two dynamites was 100cm at 60cm depth and 30cm at 80cm depth. But with the use of three dynamites it was 100cm at 80cm depth. 4. It was thought that soil mass destruction and cracking caused by explosion was uneven in the two dynamites, and three dynamites was more effective to improve physical properties evenly. 5. With the use of two dynamites, Ammonium explosive was superior to gelatin dynamite.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.759-766
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive values of defatted rice bran (DRB) and examine the effects of its dietary supplementation on broiler performances. In Experiment 1, to measure true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn), and true amino acid availability (TAAA), 30g of DRB sample was forced-fed to each of 16 ISA-Brown roosters followed by a 48h collection of excreta. The TME and TMEn values for DRB were 2.19 kcal/g and 2.05 kcal/g, respectively. The mean value of TAAA of the 15 amino acids in DRB was 77.29%. In Experiment 2, a total of 72 Avian broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 6 birds per replicate, and fed one of the experimental diets containing 0, 5, 10 or 15% of DRB. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion rate, and body composition were measured for 3 weeks. Although there were no significant differences (P$\geq$0.05), body weight gain and feed intake of chickens fed a diet containing 15% DRB were slightly higher than those of the other groups. From these results, it can be concluded that feed formulation using TMEn and TAAA of DRB is an effective method for assuring feed quality and DRB can be supplemented to broiler rations up to 15% level.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1974

생쥐(C3H/JMS)의 한쪽 자궁(子宮)에 봉합계(縫合系)를 삽입한 후 초기배아(初期胚兒)의 발생과정(發生過程), 이동속도(移動速度) 그리고 착상(着床)의 상태를 관찰하였다. 임신한지 2일째 되는 날에 자궁(子宮)에 장치를 받지 않은 쪽에서는 초기배(初期胚)의 일부가 이미 수난정(輸卵精)의 뒷부분에 도달하고 있었으나 장치를 받은 쪽에서는 아직도 수난정(輸卵精) 중부(中部)에 머물러 있었다. 3일째가 되면 대조(對照)가 되는 바른쪽 자궁(子宮)에서는 $8{\sim}16$세포기에 드는 배아(胚兒)가 79%에 이르며 24%는 이미 자궁(子宮)에까지 도달하고 있으나 장치를 한 쪽에서는 $8{\sim}16$세포기의 배아(胚兒)가 69%가 되며 겨우 8.2%만이 자궁(子宮)에 이르고 있다. 4일째가 되면 대조자궁(對照子宮)에서는 전체 배아(胚兒)의 75%가 그리고 장치 자궁(子宮)에서는 61%가 상실배(桑實胚)를 이루며 전자(前者)에서 60%, 후자(後者)에서는 40%가 자궁(子宮)내에 진입하게 된다. 정상적(正常的)인 생쥐에서는 임신 4일이 되면 거의가 배낭기(胚囊期)에 이르는 것으로 알려져 있으나 한쪽 자궁(子宮)에 실을 장치한 생쥐에서는 대조자궁(對照子宮)이거나 장치 자궁(子宮)이거나 모두 배낭(胚囊)의 형성(形成)이 늦어지고 있다. 한 자궁(子宮)당 발견되는 정상배(正常胚)의 평균치(平均値)는 대조구(對照區)에서 6.3정도로 임신 2일에서 4일 사이에 큰 차이가 없으나 처리구(處理區)에서는 2일에서 4일 사이에 6.5에서 3.8로 감소한다. 이상배(異常胚)는 대조구(對照區)에서 2일째에 2.2였던 것이 0.4로 크게 줄지만 처리구(處理區)에서는 대조구(對照區)에서 처럼 급격한 감소를 볼 수 없다. 임신한지 17일 되는 날 대조구(對照區)에서 15개의 자궁(子宮)가운데 한지 2개의 자궁(子宮)만이 착상(着床)흔적을 보였지만 처리구(處理區)에서는 전혀 착상(着床)되었던 흔적을 볼 수 없었다. 결국 생쥐에서는 한 쪽 자궁(子宮)에 이물질(異物質)을 삽입했을 때 장치를 받은 자궁(子宮)뿐 아니라 다른 한 쪽 자궁(子宮)에서도 착상(着床)이 일어나지 않을 뿐 아니라 이상난자(異常卵子)의 발생(發生)을 증가시키며 배아(胚兒)의 난할속도(卵割速度)가 늦어지고 또 배아(胚兒)의 이동(移動)이 늦어진다는 것을 알게 되었다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2001

The $M_r$ 63,000 glycoprotein (GP63) and lipophosphoglycan (LPG) of Leishmania donovani were evaluated as vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis. Mice were immunized with liposomeencapsulated GP63 and/or LPG that were purified from the soluble extract of L. donovani promastigotes, and were challenged with virulent amastigotes. Mice immunized with GP63/LPG in liposomes plus BCG resulted in a 27.4% reduction of amastigotes in the liver compared to the control group (liposomes plus BCG), and mice immunized with liposome-GP63 plus BCG failed to induce a protective immune response against the challenge infection. Immunization of mice with GP63 fused to the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (GP63-GST) plus BCG also failed to elicit protective immunity. To analyze the cause of failure to induce protection, cytokine release from the spleen cells of immunized mice and Leishmania-specific serum antibodies were analyzed. Spleen cells from mice immunized with GP63-GST plus BCG that were exposed to soluble extract of L. donovani in vitro produced 10-fold greater quantities of IFN-gamma and 3-fold greater quantities of IL-5 than cells from mice receiving BCG only or saline. Western blot analysis revealed that sera from these mice had Leishmania-specific antibodies recognizing 1 to 3 antigens of L. donovani with M. W. of 60-65 kDa. Although immunization of mice with GP63-GST induced a strong Th1 response, this study indicated that GP63-GST simultaneously elicited the Th2 response of the CD4+ T-cell, which was known to abrogate the protective immune response conferred by the Th1 effector function.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1995

This study was carried out to know the effects of $N,\:P_2O_5,\:K_2O$ application and mulching materials on the yield and quality of Peusedanum japonicum. And conducted from 1990 to 1992 in the south region. The emergency rate by mulching materials was 80% on non-mulching, 74% on black P.E mulching, but 49% on the transparent P.E mulching. The yield of dried root on the transparent P.E mulching was increased 7% compared to non-mulching. The decreasing rate of yield was increased with the sequence of $N>P_2O_5>K_2O_5$. The significant negative correlation was obtained between the content of ash and nitrogen application, and the significant positive correation between the content of ash and potassium application. The contents of ash, acid insolubleash, and $C_2H_5\:OH$ OH extract were not affected by the treat-ment of mulching materials. When Peusedanum japonicum was cultivated in the south region for one year, optimum application of fertilizers was $N-P_2O_5-K_2O_5=21-13-10kg/10a.$

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.402-406
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• 2014

Six kinds of newly recorded yeasts such as Rhodosporidium diobovatum SY4-2, Cryptococcus bestiolae SY7-1, Kazachstania unispora SY14-1, Kazachstania servazzii SY14-3, Pichia holstii SY20-2 and Cryptococcus tephrensis SY26-1 were screened from sixty one yeasts derived from wild flowers found in Seonyudo, Gogunsanyeoldo, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. All of them grew in 50% glucose-containing yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) broth and Pichia holstii SY20-2 was also halophile, growing in 20% NaCl-containing YPD broth. All of them, except Cryptococcus tephrensis SY26-1, were assimilated to glucose. Cell-free extract from Kazachstania servazzii SY14-3 showed the highest 98.6% of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity and maximal production of the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor was obtained with 24h incubation at $30^{\circ}C$. The antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of the unrecorded yeasts were showed 58.6-80.4% in their supernatants.