• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2007

This study investigated the spatial distribution of the marine debris in Jinudo in the Nakdong river estuary. Types of marine debris in Jinudo are analyzed through sampling around some portion of its sandbar shoreline. The present study and its main results are summarized as follow: 1) Monitoring system, for evaluating the volume of marine debris, was established in the coastal region of $50\;m\;{\times}\;50\;m\;(=0.002\;km^2)$ over the southern part of Jinudo. All the marine debris of conceivable form are collected and their amount was also estimated. 2) During the $1^{st}$ collection in May 2007, the total weight of the marine debris was 1,110 kg in this site, which means the density of marine debris around the shoreline is $444\;ton/km^2$. After one month later, the collected marine debris was 23.75 kg and so we have the average density of $9.5\;ton/km^2$. From these results, it is suggested that the marine debris of 316.67kg was being accumulated per day over unit area($1\;km^2$). 3) The most frequent marine debris collected during monitoring campaigns was wooden material amounting to 85.86% of the whole collection; the rest were fishing gears such as nets and buoys(5.13%), household waste(2.34%), glass(0.94%) and metals(0.27%).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of ginsenoside compositions in crude ginseng saponins prepared by five different methods including three new methods. Two known methods are hot methanol(MeOH) extraction/n-butanol(n-BuOH) fractionation and hot MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution. Three new methods are hot MeOH extraction/cation AG 50W $absorption/H_2O$ elution/n-BuOH extraction, cool MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution and direct extraction with ethyl acetate(EtOAc)/n-BuOH. Analysis of ginsenoside composition in the crude saponins by conventional HPLC/RI(Refractive Index) did not show great difference between methods except EtOAc/n-BuOH method. However, HPLC/ELSD (evaporative light scattering detector) employing gradient mobile phase afforded fine resolution of ginsenoside Rf, $Rg_1$ and $Rh_1$, and great difference of ginsenoside compositions between methods. LC/MS revealed that large amount of prosapogenins were produced during the pass through the cation exchange (AG 50W) column being strongly acidic. Six major ginsenosides such as $Rb_1,w;Rb_2,$ Rc, Rd, Re and $Rg_1$, 5 prosapogenins and one chikusetsusaponin were identified by LC/MS. A newly established HPLC method employing ODS column and gradient mobile phase of $KH_2PO_4/CH_3CN$ revealed that malonyl ginsenosides were detected only in the crude saponin obtained from cool MeOH extraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.288-293
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• 2001

${\alpha}-amylase$ activities of bean water was not significantly influenced by bean water concentrations but they were remarkably influenced by different temperatures and substrates. ${\alpha}-amylase$ activities of bean water on cooked starch were significantly higher than those on raw starch. ${\beta}-amylase$ and glucoamylase activities in 14% bean water were significantly higher than those in 7% bean water. Yukwa paste is glutinous rice flour paste. Bean water was added to Yukwa paste by 0, 7, 14% and incubated 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 hours at $60^{\circ}C$. The pH of Yukwa paste increased with bean water concentration and decreased with the incubation time. The viscosity decreased with bean water concentration and incubation time. The ruducing sugar content of Yukwa paste increased with bean water concentration and incubation time. The changes of reducing sugar content in cooked Yukwa paste were much higher than those in the raw one. ${\alpha},\;{\beta}-amylase$glucoamylase activities of Yukwa paste also increased with bean water concentration, and their activities were much higher on the cooked glutinous rice flour than those on the raw one. The SEM observation on the freeze-dried flour of Yukwa paste showed breakdown of amylopectin structure by addition of bean water in the paste.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.582-590
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• 1987

Plasteins were synthesized from a peptic filefish protein hydrolysate by papain, $\alpha-chymotrypsin$ and protease(from Streptomyces griceus) under the optimum conditions of previous paper. L-glutamic acid diethylester and L-leucine ethylester were incorporated into plastein during the plastein reaction by papain. The structural changes of freeze-dried filefish meat, peptic hydrolysate, FPC and plasteins were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). The functional properties of plasteins also were measured. The solubility of plasteins was higher than that of FPC and the Glu-plastein had $95\%$ solubility in the range of pH 3-10. The dispersibility of Glu-plastein and protease plastein was similar to that of egg albumin, but those of the other plasteins were lower. The water holding capacity of plasteins was lower than that of egg albumin and C. Lipid absorption of Leu-plastein was tile highest, holding 1.80 ml/g, and that of the other plasteins was similar to that of egg albumin. The emulsifying activity of Leu-plastein was the highest, holding $61.2\%$, and that of Glu-plastein was the lowest, holding $50.7\%$. The emulsifying stability of plasteins was similar to that of the emulsifying activity. The emulsifying capacity of Leu-plastein was 384 ml/g(the highest), but that of Glu-plastein and $\alpha-chymotrypsin$ plastein was 248 ml/g(the lowest). The Leu-plastein shelved the highest foaming capacity, $373\%$. The foaming capacity of other plasteins was higher than that of egg albumin. The foaming stability of plasteins was superior to that of egg albumin. The viscosity of plasteins was lower than that of egg albumin. The microstructure of $\alpha-chymotrypsin$ plastein by SEM wassimilar to that of papain plastein, but other plasteins showed differences in their microstructure. The microstructure of Glu-plastein had a smooth shape.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1032-1038
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develope carbohydrate-based fat replacement for use in the preparation of non-(trans) fatty acid and low-caloric bread. Characteristics such as leavening height of batter, pH, titratable acidity, specific volume, sensory evaluation, shelf life and texture change of bread made using 11 types of carbohydrate-based fat replacements were measured. The 11 carbohydrate-based fat replacers (No. $1{\sim}11$) were prepared using maltodextrin as a base, and different ratios of calcium sulfate, ascorbic acid, sodium stearoyl lactylate and methyl cellulose. The pH was lowered and the total titratable acidity was increased after four hours of fermentation in the control and the samples of dough that contained the fat replacement. In addition, the leavening height of the control was 5.0cm (maximum) after two hours of fermentation and 4.6 cm after four hours of fermentation, which was similar to the heights observed when No.$9{\sim}11$ were evaluated. When the specific volume of the bread was evaluated, the 3% of fat replacement No. 10 produced the best results. When taste was evaluated, there was no significant difference between the control and the bread produced using 1% No. 10, however, there was a significant difference between the control and all samples that contained 2% or more of the fat replacement. Furthermore, the addition of a greater concentration of the fat replacer resulted in a greater moisture. However, there were no significant differences in the color of the control and any of the samples. Additionally, measurement of the firmness of the bread during four days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$ revealed that it decreased as the concentration of fat replacer increased. In addition, the sample that contained 3% of sample No. 10 showed a firmness of 18kgf after three days of storage, while the control showed a firmness of 18kg after two days, which indicates that the degradation of the bread that contained the fat replacer was delayed by one day. The bread made using fat replacers was found to have a better taste, flavor, color, texture and firmness than the control, and the best results were observed in response to the addition of 3% of replacement No. 10. The results of this study will be useful in the production of non-(trans) fatty acid, low caloric bread.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1998

The pattern of rice cultivation in Korea is changing from hand transplanting and machine transplanting into direct-seeding for low input and cost-down practices. However, there are still some obstacles to establish the direct-seeding cultural practices because of poor seedling stand, lodging, and weed infestation. In particular, there were much more and wide weed occurrence in direct-seeding rice as compared with the transplanted rice. Weed occurrence in terms of dry weight of weeds was highest in dry direct-seeded rice followed by sowing an puddled soil, sowing on submerged soil in order as compared with transplanting with infant rice seedling. Echinochloa crux-galli was a common dominant weed with 35~44% distribution in any direct-seeding methods. The dominant weed species were E. crux-galli, Cyperus difformis, C. serotinus, and Ludwigia prostrata in dry-seeded rice. The dominant weed species in water-seeded rice were E. crus-galli, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Scirpus juncoides, and Monochoria vaginalis. Yield loss of rice due to weeds at weedy condition was 96% in dry direct-seeded rice. In water-seeded rice, yield loss was 61%, whereas yield loss was 40% in machine transplanting with infant rice seedling.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2014

Antioxidative, immunostimulating, and antihypertensive activities of hot water extracts of fermented Hizikia fusiformis were evaluated. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria generally increased the biological activities of H. fusiformis. Fermentation with isolated Weissella sp. SH-1 resulted in 13.83-62.15% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 34.90-59.25% SOD-like activity. The maximal inhibition of ACE was 82.25%, and the maximal reduction in NO production was 46.53%. Fermentation with Lactobacillus casei resulted in 11.98-72.84% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 14.17-33.62% of SOD-like activity. The maximal inhibition of ACE was 73.31%, and the maximal reduction in NO production was 65.20%. These results hint at the applicability of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria to improve the diverse biological activities of H. fusiformis and to develop functional materials or foods.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1987

This study was to observe the changes of blastogenic responses of splenic Iymphocytes to T-cell mitogens, N. fcwleri Iysate and concanaualin A, and serum antibody titer during the course of experimental PAM in mice. Naegleria fcwleri, strain 0359, was cultured in the CGVS medium axenically and inoculated intranasally with $7{\times}10^4$ trophozoites for the development of experimental PAM in mice. The amoebae were subjected to ultrasonication and centrifuged at 20,000g for 60 minutes, and filtered through $0.2{\mu\textrm{m}}$ filter membrane. The supernatant, N. fcwleri Iysate, was used as T-cell mitogen, and antigen for ELISA. The serum antibody was examined by ELISA using peroxidase conjugate. Two hundred ${\mi}l$ of $10^6$ splenocytes in RPMI 1640 containing 0% fetal calf serum were added to each well of a microtiter plate. To each well was added T-cell mitogens, $100{\mu}g/ml$ of N. fowleri Iysate or $4{\mu}g/ml$ of con. A, and the plates were incubated for 42 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator. Cultures were pulsed with of $methyl-(^3H)-thymidine$ 6 hour before harvesting. The mean blastogenic response of the splenocytes to N. fewleri Iysate was reduced, whereas that to con. A was also reduced up to on day 11 after infection. Both of these results were statistically significant compared with those of uninfected control group. The serum antibody titers were increased gradually up to day 15. The results indicated that there was an impairment of the blastogenic response of splenocytes to N. fowleri Iysate during the acute course of experimental PAM in mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1113-1119
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• 2007

Water extracts from root, stem and leaf of Ailanthus altissima were utilized to determine antioxidant properties such as electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, and the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) and tyrosinase. The EDA of root extract was the highest as 77.33% at 0.5 mg/mL concentration and that of stem extract was 70.01% at 1.0 mg/mL. The nitrite scavenging ability of leaf extract revealed the highest effect as 95.18% at pH 1.2, 1.0 mg/mL while those of stem and root extracts were 55.17% and 33.33%, respectively. The leaf extract showed the highest SOD like activity as 26.77% at 1.0 mg/mL, the measurement of root extract was 3.82% and that of stem extract was not effective. All kinds of extracts had strong inhibitory activities on XO of over 92% at 1.0 mg/mL. The highest activity on tyrosinase inhibition was obtained from leaf extract of 16.33% at 2.0 mg/mL. The results indicated that among the three extracts, the leaf extract has a strong and extensive antioxidant activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.546-551
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• 2001

We have previously shown that, in circular muscle cells of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) isolated by enzymatic digestion, contraction in response to maximally effective doses of acetylcholine (ACh) or Inositol Triphosphate ($IP_3$) depends on the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from intracellular stores and activation of a $Ca6{2+}$-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent pathway. On the contrary, maintenance of LES tone, and response to low doses of ACh or $IP_3$ depend on a protein kinase C (PKC) mediated pathway. In the present investigation, we have examined requirements for $Ca6{2+}$ regulation of the interaction between CaM- and PKC-dependent pathways in LES contraction. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment for 30 min dose dependently reduced ACh-induced contraction of permeable LES cells in free $Ca6{2+}$ medium. ACh-induced contraction following the low level of reduction of $Ca6{2+}$ stores by a low dose of TG ($10^{-9}{\;}M$) was blocked by the CaM antagonist, CCS9343B but not by the PKC antagonists chelerythrine or H7, indicating that the contraction is CaM-dependent. After maximal reduction in intracellular $Ca{2+}$ from $Ca6{2+}$stores by TG ($10^{-6}{\;}M$), ACh-induced contraction was blocked by chelerythrine or H7, but not by CCS9343B, indicating that it is PKC-dependent. In normal $Ca^{2+}$medium, the contraction by ACh after TG ($10^{-9}{\;}M$) treatment was also CaM-dependent, whereas the contraction by ACh after TG ($10^{-9}{\;}M$) treatment was PKC-dependent. We examined whether PKC activation was inhibited by activated CaM. CCS 7343B Inhibited the CaM-induced contraction, but did not inhibit the DAC-induced contraction. CaM inhibited the DAC-induced contraction in the presence of CCS 9343B. This inhibition by CaM was $Ca{2+}$dependent. These data are consistent with the view that the switch from a PKC-dependent pathway to a CaM dependent pathway can occur and can be regulated by cytosolic $Ca{2+}$ in the LES.