• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.425-435
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• 1998

To improve the efficiency of nuclear transplantation in bovine, in this study the development in vitro of nuclear transferred (NT) embryos was compared by different activation regimens of the enucleated oocytes. The effect of developmental stage and culture system of donor nuclei on fusion and development in vitro of NT embryos were also evaluated. Oocytes were collected from Hanwoo ovaries obtained from slaughterhouse and matured in Ham's F-10 supplemented with hormones. After 20~22 h maturation, the oocytes were vortexed to be free from cumulus cells and subsequently their nucleus and the first polar body were removed. Enucleated oocytes were divided into 3 groups for activation; the oocytes of group I were activated with ionomycin for 5 min and subsequently incubated in 6-dimetylarninopurine (DMAP) for 4 h, Those of group II were treated with DMAP for 4 h at 39 h after onset of in vitro maturation (IVM) and those of group III were kept in room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) for 3 h at 39 h after onset of IVM. After in vitro fertilization (IVF) the embryos for muclear donor were cultured either by group culture (20 embryos /50 ${mu}ell$ drop) or individually (1 embryo /50 ${mu}ell$ drop) for 4 day and 5 day. At day 4 and 5 after IVF, blastomeres were separated in calcium-magnesium free medium, and then classified into small (day 5: $\leq$ 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, day 4: $\leq$ 46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and large (day 5 : $\geq$ 38 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, day 4 ; $\geq$ 46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$). The separated blastomeres were replaced into enucleated and activated recipient cytoplasm. The blastomere-oocyte complexes were fused by electrically. The NT embryos were cultured in TCM-199 containing 10% FCS in 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 7 day. The results obtained were summarized as follows; There were no differences in fusion and development to blastocyst between groups as group I (68%, 10%), group II (75%, 14%) and group III (73%, 9%), respectively. However, the cell number in blastocyst of NT embryos in group III were significantly fewer than in the other groups (P＜0.05). No differences in fusion and development to blastocyst were found between individual or group cultured and between small or large blastomeres of day 4 and day 5 donor embryos. From these results, it was concluded that the combination of ionomycin and DMAP, or treatment of DMAP at 39 h after onset of IVM were useful for the efficient of production of NT bovine embryos, and the individual cultured embryos could be simply used as donor nuclei for NT bovine embryo.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

An experiment was carried out to investigate changing of water quality during the seed production of dark-banded rockfish Sebastes inermis in large scale tanks. Ten broodstock of dark-banded rockfish were held in three circular tanks (diameter 6.5 m; depth 2 m; water volume 50 ton) each (stocking density $0.061kg/m^3$). During the experiment the temperature ranged from 14.2 to $16.1^{\circ}C$. The fingerlings were 134 with rotifers only during 1 to 9 days after parturition, rotifers with Artemia nauplii during 10 to 20 days after parturition, Artemia nauplii only during 21 to 35 days after parturition, Artemia nauplii with commercial diet during 36 to 80 days after parturition and commercial diet only during 81 to 85 days after parturition. Water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH, $NH_4^+-N,\;NO_2^--N,\;NO_3^--N\;and\;PO_4^{3-}-P$) in rearing tanks measured every 5 days in long term monitoring investigation or every 2 hours in diurnal monitoring investigation. In 85 days after parturition, the body weight of fish grew up to 0.88 f and specific growth rate was 8.0%/day in body weight. In long term monitoring investigation, with the increase of the amount of supplied commercial diet, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH decreased, but the concentration of $NH_4^+-N\;(4.5\;to\;76.3{\mu}M),\;NO_2^--N\;(0.02\;to\;0.06{\mu}M),\;NO_3^--N\;(3.0\;to\;5.9{\mu}M)$, and $PO_4^{3-}-P\;(0.41\;to\;0.59{\mu}M)$ increased. In the diurnal monitoring investigation, the concentration of $NH_4^+-N$ showed great fluctuation and ranged from 3.0 to $9.1{\mu}M$ when fed rotifers, 16.3 to $45.8{\mu}M$ when fed Artemia nauplii and 36.5 to $120.1{\mu}M$ when fed commercial diet. After daily feeding with each of feed, the amount of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (P) wastage were 7.0 g and 0.7 g when fed rotifers, 24.7 g and 0.7 g when fed Artemia nauplii and 140.9 g and 2.2 g when 134 commercial diet. The amount of DIN and phosphorous wastage during 134 commercial diet was significantly higher than that of fed rotifer and Artemia nauplii (P<0.05). Results will provide valuable information far water quality management and culture of dark-banded rockfish in commercial seed production systems.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.219-222
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• 1970

Riboflavin in the various materials which used for Takju brewing was determined and its quantitative changes in the Takju mashes which were mashed with polished rice and wheat flour respectively using Nuruk only for enzyme source, and with wheat flour and corn powder respectively using Nuruk and Koji, were checked at 24 hours intervals during the whole brewing period. The results obtained were as follows. a) The riboflavin contents in 100 grams of each materials were: Polished rice $46.9{\gamma}$ Wheat flour $67.3{\gamma}$ Corn powder $73.9{\gamma}$ Nuruk $169.0{\gamma}$ Koji of wheat flour $87.1{\gamma}$ Koji of corn powder $84.4{\gamma}$ b) About 30 to 40 percent of riboflavin in the polished rice, wheat flour and corn powder were losed by steaming at 10 pounds for 50 minutes. c) Riboflavin content in the plots used Nuruk only was decreased during 3 days after mashing and then increased markedly after 5 days and, more or less, decreased after 6 days. Quantitative changes of riboflavin in the plots used Nuruk and Koji showed a rugged curve without decreasing in early stages, and its content was also increased markedly 5 days after mashing and then decreased a little after 6 days. d) Approximately $82{\gamma}$ of riboflavin was determined in 100ml. of the ripened mash of the rice plot and $72{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot in the case of using Nuruk only. $88.6{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were determined in 100ml. of the ripened mash of the wheat flour plot and $83.6{\gamma}$ in the corn powder plot in the case of using Nuruk and Koji. e) It was assumed that $28.8{\gamma}$ to $41{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were contained in 100 ml. of finished Takju of the two plots used Nuruk only and 33.6 to 44.5${\gamma}$ in the both two plots used Nuruk and Koji. f) About $47.3{\gamma}$ of riboflavin were determined in 100 grams of Takju cake of the rice plot and $66.2{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot used Nuruk only, and $62.9{\gamma}$ in the corn powder plot and $64.5{\gamma}$ in the wheat flour plot used Nuruk and Koji.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2005

To reduce phosphorus and nitrogen from the swine wastewater, magnesium chloride $(MgCl_2)$ was used as a reaction material for both soluble phosphorus (SP) and ammonia-nitrogen (AN). The initial value of SP content were $471mg/\ell$ far aeration test and $515 mg/\ell$ for NaOH addition test, but treatment of $MgCl_2$ reduced SP value to $5mg/\ell$ and $4mg/\ell$. The removal efficiency of $MgCl_2$ for SP showed $99\%$ in both treatment, and the removal efficiency of $MgCl_2$ for AN showed $15\%$ with treatment of aeration and $18\%$ with NaOH. All the experiments were done in a low temperature of 6 to $8^{\circ}C$, suggesting that this methods are possibly able to apply to a cold weather conditions. Moreover, the struvite crystal structure was identified by electronic microscope, implying that $MgCl_2$ is an effective material for removal of SP from swine wastewater In addition to the increased removal rate of the AN in wastewater, both $MgCl_2$ and $KH_2PO_4$ were added. The SP value was reduced by $99\%$ with 2g addition of the phosphate. The SP removal rate by 4g addition of the phosphate was increased only as $15-19\%$, but the quantity of removed SP was higher than that of 2g addition test. The value of AN was not reduced as expected by adding $KH_2PO_4$. The AN removal rate were low as $18\%$ and $15\%$ like as the level of the former test with $MgCl_2$ alone. Therefore, it is needed to examine closely the reaction mechanism f3r reducing both SP and AN simultaneously.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

Zaltoprofen, (2-(10,11-dihydro-10-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-2-yl)propionic acid) is an NSAID with powerful anti-inflammatory effects as well as an analgesic action on inflammatory pain. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two zaltoprofen tablets, $Soleton^{\circledR}$ (CJ Corp.) and SCD Zaltoprofen (Samchundang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of zaltoprofen from the two zatoprofen formulations in vitro was tested using KP Vlll Apparatus ll method with various dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.2{\pm}2.26$ years in age and$64.7{\pm}8.08$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 80 mg as zaltoprofen was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of zaltoprofen in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Soleton^{\circledR}$ were 6.33, 5.91 and 17.7% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g.,log $1.01{\sim}1og\;1.11$ and log $0.928{\sim}1og\;1.18$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating SCD Zaltoprofen tablet was bioequivalent to $Soleton^{\circledR}$ tablet.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 1997

소 난포란의 체외성숙시 성숙배지에 FSH 및 LH의 첨가가 체외성숙난자의 calcium 반응과 체외수정란의 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 난포란의 체외성숙은 TCM199을 기초로 한 4가지의 배양조건 하에서 : 1) 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH＋5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH, 2) 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH, 3) 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml LH 및 4) 무 호르몬 첨가구로서 5% CO2에 24시간 동안 체외성숙을 유도하였다. 체외성숙 24기간째에 난포란의 과립막세포는 1ml PB1＋에서 4분 동안 vortexing을 하여 완전히 제거하였다. 세포 내 calcium 반응을 측정하기 위하여 2mM Fura-2 AM ester 및 0.02% Pluronic F-127가 첨가된 PB1-용액에 39$^{\circ}C$ in cubator에서 40분 동안 배양하였다. 30${\mu}\ell$ M2 medium drop을 30mm plastic dish에 만들어 20$\times$ 형광대물렌즈가 장착된 Nikon Diaphot 현미경의 장착된 Nikon Diaphot 현미경의 warm stage에 설치하였다. 세포 내 calcium 방출을 자극하기 위하여 난자에 25mM inositol 1, 4, 5-trasphophate(IP3)로 1.21kV/cm의 전기자극 또는 20mM ryanodine으로 미세주입을 실시하였다. 이러한 처리를 하지 않은 난자는 체외수정 후 CR1aa와 BRL monolayers의 공배양조건 하에서 체외발달을 유도하였다. 분할율(Day 2)과 배반포기발달율(Day 9)을 조사하였다. FSH와 LH의 처리구에서 IP3 또는 ryanodine으로 자극된 난자(1.79$\pm$0.05, 1.66$\pm$0.06)는 FSH, LH 및 무 호르몬처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 calcium 반응을 보였다(1.00$\pm$0.03, 1.28$\pm$0.04, and 0.53$\pm$0.02 in IP3 elctroporation; 0.68$\pm$0.05, 1.03$\pm$0.05, and 0.47$\pm$0.04 in ryanodine microinjection). FSH와 LH, FSH, LH처리구에서 분할율(87.9, 71.5 및 75.6%)은 무 호르몬처리구(60.7%)(P<0.05)에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며, FSH와 LH처리구(29.3%)에서의 배반포기 발달율은 FSH, LH 처리구뿐만 아니라 무 호르몬처리구보다 유의적으로 높았다(16.5, 19.0 and 9.8%)(P<0.05). Bovine FSH 및 Ovine FSH의 처리구에서의 calcium 반응은 유의적인 차이가 없었다(1.72$\pm$0.05, 1.61$\pm$0.06). 또한 분할율(82.2 and 84.0%) 및 배반포기(27.8 and 27.1%) 발달율도 bovine 및 ovine FSH처리구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 전기자극에 의한 세포 내 calcium 반응은 체외성숙배지에 첨가하는 호르몬의 처리에 따라서 유의적인 변화를 보였다. 비록 분할율은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 배반포기 발달율은 FSH와 LH 공동처리구에서 FSH, LH 단독처리구 및 무 호르몬처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 발달율을 보였다. 체외성숙기간에 FSH와 LH의 공동첨가는 체외성숙 및 체외발달의 생리적인 교정을 위하여 요구되는 것으로 사려된다.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2014

This study was carried out to establish the system of OPU derived embryo production, management of recipients as well as offspring production. OPU derived embryo production system was carried out of aspiration of immature oocytes 2 times per week, total 24 times for 3 months by an ultrasonographic guided follicular aspiration system and then produced in vitro-produced blastocysts by in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture system. This work was collected total 13,866 oocytes, average $8.2{\pm}4.5$ oocytes per session and 8,170 G1 + G2 grade oocytes, average 4.8 oocytes per session by 1,692 times session of total 71 donors for 4 years from 2010 to 2013. The rate of cleavage and blastocyst developmental competence were obtained 11,825 (85.3%) and 5,032 (36.3%) that was $7.0{\pm}3.8$ cleaved embryos and $3.0{\pm}2.5$ blastocysts per session. OPU derived embryo transfer were taken place in 2, 4, 6 and 7 local governments at 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 for 4 years and pregnancy rate were obtained 41.2, 43.9, 46.5 and 49.7% in each years. It means that pregnancy rate was continuously improved according of every year for 4 years. Pregnancy rate was significantly different according to individual local government in which was 62.7% in B, but 24.2% in F at 2012. Paternity identification was carried out total 26 offspring in C local government of 2012 and then confirmed 100% agreement of its analysis. In conclusion, the results obtained the possibility of mass production of elite cow embryos as well as offspring by OPU derived embryo production system, of which could be decreased the required time of genetic improvement.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 1990

The fission gas release model used In the SPEAR-BETA fuel performance code was modified by use of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel and by laking Into account axial fission-gas mixing between the fuel-clad gap and the plenum. With use of this modified model the fission gas release was analyzed under various power ramping conditions of P$_{max}$ and $\Delta$.fP. Effective fuel thermal conductivity that accounts for the effect of fuel tracking was used in calculation of the fuel temperature distribution and the Internal gas pressure under power ramping conditions. Mixing and dilution effects due to axial gas flow were also considered in computing the width and the thermal conductivity of the gap. The effect of axial gas flow w3s solved by the Crank-Nicholson method. The finite difference method was used to save running time in the calculation. The present modified fission-gas release model was validated by comparing its predicted results with experimental data from various lamping tests In the literature and calculated results with use of the models used In the SPEAR-BETA and FEMAXI-IV codes. Results obtained with use of the present modified model showed better agreement with experimental data reported in the literature than those results with use of the latter codes. The fuel centerline temperature calculated with introduction of effective thermal conductivity for centerline temperature calculated with Introduction of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel was 200 higher fission gas release predicted with use of the modified model was nearly 6% larger on the average than that calculated by use of the unmodified model used in the SPEAR-BETA code.e SPEAR-BETA code.e.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-132
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to define the consulting competence of IT consultants and empirically analyze the perceptual differences between the IT consultant group and the client group. Based on the previous researches and the opinion of the actual IT consultants, the consulting capability model has been established, which consists of six categories and eighteen factors. Six categories are (1) IT domain expertise, (2) problem solving ability, (3) project management capability, (4) communication skills, (5) human relations skills, and (6) professional ethics and attitude. Two field surveys have been performed and the responses of 174 IT consultants 116 clients have been acquired. It is shown that the level of possessed proficiency of IT consulting capability is far lower than the level of the required proficiency. And there exist the perceptual difference between two responding groups with respect to the level required proficiency but no difference exists in terms of the level of possessed proficiency. The findings of this research can provide some useful information in order to fully understand the differences between the IT consultant group and the client group.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

This report present the result of the national survey of pediatric surgeons' preferences on diagnosis and treatment of Hirschsprung's disease(HD) carried out in 1993. The questionnaires were sent to twenty-seven members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons (KAPS) working in twenty-four institutions. The questionnaires were designed to determine the individual surgeon's preference for the methods of diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Twenty-three pediatric surgeons from twenty institutions returned completed forms. The total number of patients diagnosed with HD in 1992 was 190 in this group. The estimated incidence of HD was 1/3,900. The most important symptom was delayed meconium passing and the most preferred diagnostic procedure was barium study. Anorectal manometric examination was carried out by 13 pediatric surgeons and 19 confirmed the diagnosis before operation by rectal biopsy, 12 with full-thickness biopsy and 7 with suction. Frozen section biopsy during operation was done by 22 surgeons. Eight surgeons did one stage operation if the age of the patient is suitable. Definitive operation was usually done at the age of 6 to 11 months. The most preferred operation was Duhamel procedure done by 19. Enterocolitis was the most serious complication of HD. Most of patients had normal continence within 6 to 12 months after operation. The follow-up period was less than 6 years in 16 surgeons. The results were presented at the 9th annual meeting of KAPS in June of 1993. This is the first national survey of HD and it can provide guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of Hirschprung's disease even though it is not a detailed study of patient data.