• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1997

Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from the intestine of carp produced several kinds of proteases into the medium. Inhibitor assay with the culture supernatant of A. hydrophila showed that there were major metalloproteases and minor serine proteases. Gelatin SDS-PAGE showed two proteolytic bands. One broad protease band was inhibited by metalloprotease specific inhibitor, EDTA, indicating a metalloprotease. The other was inhibited by serine protease specific inhibitor, PMSF, suggesting a serine protease. The proteolytic activities of both extracellular proteases remained on Gelatin SDS-PAGE after heating at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. However, the major metalloprotease was separated into two proteolytic bands on Gelatin PAGE by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-75.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2011

All of the crucian carp, Carassius auratus and 50% of common carp. Cyprinus carpio examined in this study were infected with the leeches, Limnotrachelobdella sinensis. Especially, the infection of C. carpio with L. sinensis was the first report in Korea. The gill of C. auratus showed increased hydrophic degeneration of epithelial cell in the filament, blood congestion, hyperplasia of epithelial cell in the filament and lamellae. In the SEM observation, gill filament was transformed to the cylinder form by the lamellae fusion. The lamellae surface showed degeneration, fragmentation of microridges. The extracellular cartilaginous matrix of the filaments was exposed by the collapse of epidermal layer. In the 18S rRNA analysis of L. sinensis, the relationships among these groups are not clear and not concord with their morphological classification.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.3 s.113
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• pp.297-303
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• 2005

The analysis of fish community structure in the Peace Dam, Korea, was investigated from April 2003 to September 2004. Eight families and 31 species were collected during the period surveyed. Korean endemic species were 13 and the relative abundance was 41.9% of the total, along with Hemibarbus mylodon, Acheilognathus yamatsutae and Coreoleuciscus splendidus. Dominant was Hemibarbus labeo (14.1%) and subdominant species was Zacco temmincki (13.7%). Also, Z. platypus (11.9%), H. longirostris (9.3%), and Siniperca scherzeri (8.1%), were numerous. The biomass of collected fishes were H. labeo (24,278 g), S. scherzeri (19,487 g), Anguilla japonica (10,400 g), Cyprinus carpio (8,418 g), and Carassius auratus (4,020 g), According to the community analyses, the artificial reservoir with in the Bukhan River system were divided into 2 groups by unweighted pair-group method analysis (UPGMA), and it revealed that the community structure in Peace Dam was similar to those in Soyang and Paro Reservoirs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.69-72
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• 1975

Isolation of the toxic substance which was produced by Streptentyces sp. and it's biorhemical characterestics and toxicity to fishes were reported in the previous paper. The present report includes antibiotic activity of the substance, inhibitory activity of the substance on the succinic dehydrogenase of fishes, and its effect on the blood corpuscles of a rabbit. An evident antibiotic activity of this substance was observed on Candida yeasts, but n$ot^1$on molds or bacteria. The substance inhibited the growth of Candida japonica and C. utilis to the 50％ at the concentrations of 7.5 and 10.2ug per ml, respectively. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase obtained from various organs of Cyprinous carpio L. was also found to be inhibited by this substance. Original activities of the enzymes from tht brain, kidney, and liver, were inhibited by 75.4％, 38.2％, and 26.2％, respectively, but not the enzymes from the heart and spleen. Neither leukopenia nor leukocytosis was detected after the intravenous administration of the substince to the rabbit at the level of 6 mg per 2 kg body weight.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 1976

The meat samples of carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linne) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) packaged in aluminum pouches with polyethylene adjuvant were exposed to gamma radiation of doses up to 1.5 Mrad for the purpose of determining optimum dose range required to bring about a significant storage-life extension at refrigerated temperatures. The maximum permissible dose for carp was determined to be 1.5 Mrad and that for rainbow trout 0.2 Mrad, while the optimum dose was 0.25 Mard and 0.05 Mrad, respectively. By irradiating them at each optimum dose, the practical storage-life of carp could be extended from one week to five at both $0^{\circ}\;and\;5^{\circ}C$ and that of rainbow trout from one week to 3-4 weeks at $0^{\circ}C$ and from 3 days to 14 days at $5^{\circ}C$. The carp meat suffered from extensive drip loss during the post-irradiation storage and it could be reduced effectively by dipping the samples into 10% polyphosphate solution prior to the radurization treatment. The rainbow trout was highly radiosensitive, while carp appeard to one of promising species to be radurization treated for the purpose of extending storage-life at refrigerated temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.552-563
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• 2015

The characteristics of ichthyofauna and fish community in Lake Goesan were examined from April 2010 to October 2012. During the survey period thirty six species belonging to 11 families were collected. Dominant species by number were Hemibarbus labeo (29.9%) and Zacco platypus (20.0%). In biomass, the dominant species were H. labeo (37.2%) and Carassius auratus (17.9%). Also, fourteen Korean endemic fish species (38.9%) and one endangered species (Acheilognathus signifer) were collected. Further, one catadromous species was observed for stock enhancement (Anguilla japonica), in addition to two land-locked anadromous species (Hypomesus nipponensis, Plecoglossus altivelis) and three exotic species (Cyprinus carpio (Israeli type), C. cuvieri, Micropterus salmoides). According to the length-weight relation of C. auratus and M. salmoides, the b values were 3.13~2.99, 3.11~2.99, showing a declining tendency annually. However, for H. labeo and Z. platypus, the b values were 2.98~3.07, 3.06~3.23 respectively, showing an increasing trend. The slope values for C. auratus and M. salmoides population conditions were controlled by K factor showing a tendency to decrease, but H. labeo and Z. platypus were showing a tendency to gradually increase.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

Differences in larvicidal activity of complement and chemiluminescent response of phagocytes in carp (Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and false dace (Pseudorasbora parva) against excysted metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis were investigated. The prevalence of C. sinensis metacercariae of false daces caught at Nakdong river (NR) was 100%. However, no C. sinensis metacercariae were found in false daces, which were collected at a reservoir in Chinyoung (CY), crucian carps and carps. The sera of false dace, which were intensively infected with C. sinensis metacercariae, killed excysted metacercariae of C. sinensis more readily than that of carp. However, the serum obtained from C. sinensis metacercariae-free false dace showed the lowest larvicidal ability. The larvicidal ability of sera collected from each fish species completely disappeared when the complement was inactivated by heating. When supernatant of excysted metacercariae homogenate were added to phagocytes of each species, the chemiluminescent responses were significantly (p<0.05) diminished in false dace and carp. The inhibition ratio of chemiluminescent responses by the supernatant was 22.9% in false dace, 9.6% in crucian carp and 12.4% in carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1985

Distribution of lipid components in the tissue of meat, skin and viscera from carp(Cyprynus carpio) was analyzed using the techniques of column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography according to the previous report(Choi, et al., 1984). Lipid content was varied by the portion such as $3.88\%$ in meat (free lipid, $2.47\%$ ; bound lipid, $1.41\%$), $8.02\%$ in skin(free lipid, $5.65\%$ ; bound lipid, $2.37\%$) and $6.18\%$ in viscera (free lipid, $3.54\%$ ; bound lipid, $2.64\%$). In the all portions of the body, free lipid was composed of $68\%\;to\;92\%$ in neutral lipid, $3\%\;to\;6\%$ in glycolipid and $4\%\;to\;18\%$ in phospholipid whereas bound lipid was composed of $8\%\;to\;20\%$ in neutral lipid, $2\%\;to\;7\%$ in glycolipid and $47\%\;to\;62\%$ in phospholipid. The free lipids of the tissues on the each portion were mostly represented by triglycerides and some diglycerides, but free lipids in viscera contained considerable amounts of free fatty acids. The bound lipids, on the other hand, commonly comprised appreciable amounts of esterified sterol and hydrocarbon, and triglycerides. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine in the both free and bound lipids, and much more phosphatidyl choline in the bound lipid. The predominant fatty acids of free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{22:6}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ acids in polar lipids, and $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ acids in non-polar lipids, whereas those of neutral lipids were $C_{14:0}(2.54{\sim}6.98\%),\;C_{16:0}(11.20{\sim}21.13\%)$ and $C_{18:0}(1.58{\sim}12.76\%)$ of saturated acids, $C_{16:1}(7.06{\sim}20.70\%),\;C_{18:1}(21.68{\sim}30.50\%)$ and $C_{20:1}(1.76{\sim}6.27\%)$ of monoenoic acids, and $C_{18:2}(4.50{\sim}6.89\%),\;C_{20:4}(1.52{\sim}4.29\%)$ and $C_{22:6}(0.73{\sim}6.62\%)$, respectively. In conclusion, the fatty acid compositions revealed apparent differences between the free lipid and bound lipids in the tissues of body.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1987

The author investigated the larvicidal action of liquid nitrogen against the metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis, with an observation on the freshness and change of taste in the flesh of fishes. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The metacercariae in the mesh of Pseudorasbora parve, which were treated with liquid nitrogen ($-192^{\circ}C$), were not killed within 10 seconds, but completely killed over 30 seconds. In comparison, the metacercariae in the flesh of p. parka kept in a refrigerator ($-12^{\circ}C$) were killed only in 84% in 10-hour exposure group. 2. The freezing speed of fishes by liquid nitrogen was 4 min.(') and 15 seconds(") for Cyprinus carpio, 1'22" for Carassius carassius and only $30^{\circ}C$ for Pseudorasbora larva. 3. As for the freshness and taste of raw fresh water fishes, they were not deteriorated after the treatment with liquid nitrogen. 4. In animal infection experiment of C. sinensis metacercariae after freezing, they were found not infective after they were treated with liquid nitrogen. From the results, it is inferred that the treatment of fresh water fishes for longer than 30 seconds with liquid nitrogen is helpful to reduce the possibility of C, sinensis infection without alteration of the freshness and taste of fishes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.521-526
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• 1993

Two percent of monocalcuim phosphate (MCP) was added to control diet consisted of fish meal (18%), soybean meal (36%) and wheat flour (37%) in order to examine the effects on phosphorus (P) discharge and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Growth trial, during which digestibility measurements were made over 7 days, was conducted for 4 weeks using a recirculated rearing system with a settling column for feces collection. Fishes (initial body weight of about 200 g) were fed five times a day upto satiation with tank controlled at $24-26^{\circ}C$. Fishes fed the diet containing 2% MCP (MCP-2) showed about two-fold improvement on both growth rate and feed utilization, compared to those of fishes fed the control diet; weight gain (129 g vs 62 g), feed conversion ratio (1.20 vs 2.46), protein efficiency ratio (2.09 vs 1.07) and daily growth index (3.70 vs 1.93). However, feed intakes were maintained at the same level (150 g/fish) between the two treatments. Dry matter digestibilities of two diets were relatively low, which were 58 and 60% for respective control and MCP-2 diets due to low digestibility of total carbohydrates. However, the digestibilities of both dietary protein (85%) and lipid (90%) of diets were relatively high. While all the P fed were observed to be discharged from fish fed control diet, the discharge from fish fed the MCP-2 diet was decreased up to less than the half (34.9 g/kg wt. gain) of the control. These present results revealed that the supplementation of dietary P requirement by MCP can not only promote growth performances but also reduce the level of P loading to water which is the primary water pollution indicator.