• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.997-1003
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• 2011

Menopause and obesity are associated with metabolism. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of PPAR${\gamma}$, PGC-1(${\alpha},\;{\beta}$), NRf-1 and TFAM mRNA and mitochondria biogenesis in adipocytes and investigate the effect of swimming exercise for 6weeks on ovariectomized rats. Rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (1) ovariectomized rats fed with a control diet (C, n=4), (2) ovariectomized rats fed with high fat diet (H, n=4), and (3) ovariectomized rats trained to exercise and fed with high fat diet (H+EX, n=4). Exercise was performed by swimming for 5 days/wk, with a progressive increase in exercise over the course of 6 weeks. Results showed that the fat tissue weight in the H group was markedly increased (p<0.01) compared to other groups, however, regular exercise significantly decreased fat weight. The PPAR-${\gamma}$ (p<0.05), PGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.01), -$1{\beta}$ (p<0.05), NRf-1 (p<0.01) and TFAM (p<0.05) mRNA expression in the adipocytes of H+EX were higher than in the H group. These results suggest that regular exercise for 6 weeks might exert positive effects by increasing PPAR-${\gamma}$, PGC-1 (${\alpha},\;{\beta}$), NRf-1 and TFAM mRNA expression and mitochondria in adipocytes. Thus, regular exercise may be helpful in the improvement of mitochondria biogenesis function in obese, ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1357-1368
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-inflammation effect of the cheonggukjang (a soybean paste fermented for only a few days) in diet induced obesity mice. Weight gain was significantly decreased in the mice fed cheonggukjang compared High Fat Diets (HFD). The HFD plus cheonggukjang (CGJ) were also effective in improving the lipid metabolism. The levels of plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, leptin, glucose, and insulin were significantly lower in CGJ than HFD group (p<0.05). The adiponectin level of CGJ group was significantly increased compared to the HFD group (p<0.05). In the CGJ group, the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes in the liver and adipose tissues, which are transcription factors crucial for adipogenesis, were significantly suppressed (p<0.05). The number of $CD11b^+F4/80^+$ T cells, $Gr-1^{int}CD11b^{high}$ cells, and $Gr-1^{int}CD11b^{high}$ cells were significantly higher in HFD group than CGJ group (p<0.05). The size of adipocyte was significantly reduced in CGJ group compared to HFD group. In addition, the contents of liver lipid droplets were significantly downregulated in the CGJ mice than HFD mice (p<0.05). Collectively, these data suggest the novel function of cheonggukjang in modulating adipogenesis through an immune function-alteration involving downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors and macrophage activation.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-31
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• 2016

Objectives In this study, it was investigated whether Gami-Handayeolso-Tang (HDYST) medication has anti-obesity effects in high fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. Methods The experimental animals were divided into five groups-normal diet-fed (ND), high fat diet-fed control (HFD), HFD+HDYST 150, HFD+HDYST 300, and HFD+orlistat as a positive drug. The obese markers such as body weight, diet efficiency ratio, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, lipid contents, leptin, adiponectin, and GOT/GPT were measured. Also, white adipose tissue, liver weight, abdominal fat mass, hepatic lipid contents, and mRNA expression of obese-associating genes were examined in obese mice. Results In high fat diet-fed mice, HDYST administration significantly decreased body weight, diet efficiency ratio, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, as well as leptin and GOT/GPT, compared to the HFD group in a dose-dependent manner. HDYST increased significantly the serum levels of HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. It also reduced the accumulation of lipids, such as total lipid and triglycerides, in organs such as liver and abdominal adipose tissue. Moreover, HDYST administration significantly decreased the expression levels of fatty acid synthetic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), FAS and Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), in the liver tissues, while it increased the messenger RAN (mRNA) levels of fatty acid catalytic genes, such as Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-${\alpha}$), acyl-COA oxidase (ACO), and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (CPT-1a). Conclusions Based on the results above, HDYST reveals anti-obesity effects declining body fat accumulation through the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and leptin/adiponectin serum levels. It therefore suggests that HDYST can be clinically useful for the treatment of obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2012

Growth, oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, feeding and assimilation rate were examined from May 2010 to February 2011 in order to assess the physiological changes of Haliotis discus hannai in accordance with changes in season. The water temperature was in the range of $8-23.2^{\circ}C$ and the salinity in the range of 31.9-34.1psu during the examination period. The length of shell of Haliotis discus hannai grew from 36.3 mm to 66.1 mm in the 1 year old entities and from 60.6 mm to 66.1 mm for the 2 year old entities, while the weight of the meat increased from 3.16 g to 12.04 g and from 15.8 g to 21.5 g, respectively. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rate displayed trend of increase in accordance with the increase in water temperature, while the feeding rate was high during the period from July to October. The assimilation rate was in the range of 68%-71% without significant difference between the age of the entities and seasons. SFG displayed +value throughout the year for the 1 year old entities of Haliotis discus hannai as well as for the 2 year old entities with the exception of the period of July, thereby showing that they are growing throughout the year. Therefore, there was no environmental effect including water temperature and salinity during the examination period.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.308-312
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• 2010

Deinococcus geothermalis is a moderate thermophillic radiation resistant bacterium producing greater abundance of sugar metabolism enzymes than other Deinococcus species. In this study, optimal condition for xylanolytic activity of D. geothermalis was determined and xylooligosaccharides from oat spelt, beechwood, and birchwood xylan hydrolysates by this organism were analyzed through HPLC. Reducing sugar yield was increased in the order of beechwood, birchwood, and oat spelt xylan. D. geothermalis displayed maximal xylanolytic activity at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.0. Magnesium ion increased xylanolytic activity upto 7.5 fold. Six kinds of xylooligosaccharides (xylose, xylobios, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose, and xylohexalose) were detected from beechwood and birchwood xylan reaction products. Among them, xylose was the major product. However, only three kinds of xylooligosaccharides (xylose, xylopentaose, and xylohexalose) were clearly detected from oat spelt xylan. Gamma-ray (50 kGy) treatment of beechwood xylan, birchwood xylan and oat spelt xylan increased xylanolytic activity of D. geothermalis. The results indicate that D. geothermalis and pretreatment of radiation is useful for xylooligosaccharides production.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.656-663
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• 2001

The most representative nitrosamine derived from nicotine, nitrosamine-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone(NNK), has been reported to cause lung cancer in A/J mice. It has been also demonstrated that NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis involves $O^6-methylguanine(O^6MeG)$ formation, leading to $GC\;{\rightarrow}\;AT$ transitional mispairing during DNA replication. Our in vitro experiment, modified from the method of DBA assay, examined the ability of phyto-extract mixture to inhibit the metabolism of nicotine to nitrosamines. The production of nitromorpholine from morpholine was inhibited about 75% at the concentration of 20 mg/mL of phyto-extract mixture, which was lower than vitamine C and green tea powder. NNK, which is a pro-carcinogen in laboratory animals, is hydroxylated primarily in liver and lung by CYP 1A2, 2A6 and 3A4. A critical phase. of NNK activation is its change to an unstable metabolite methyl-diazohydroxide via CYP-mediated ${\alpha}-hydroxylation$; and then it provides a methyl group to the DNA to form DNA adducts which can easily induce mutations. $Aroclor^R$ 1254 was used to induce CYPs in the liver of a Sprague-Dawley rat. The ability of various test samples to inhibit CYPs that participate in NNK activation was evaluated, following the removal of the liver from the rat. Microsomal CYPlA2 catalyzing the conversion of NNK into strong carcinogenic chemicals was inhibited more efficiently by phyto-extract mixture than green tea powder. These results indicate that phyto-extract mixture can be used to reduce $O^6MeG$ DNA adducts for chemoprevention.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

The roots of Brassica rapa ssp. were extracted with 95% aqueous ethanol and the concentrated extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five flavonoids were isolated through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (c.c.). Based on NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and IR spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be licochalcone A (1), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone (2), liquirtigenin (3), liquiritin (4), and isoliquiritin (5). This is the first report of these compounds isolated from the root of this plant.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological mechanism of orally administered ethanolic extract of fly maggot(EM) on hypocholesterolemic rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups (EM dose control=0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 mg/100 g BW) and were treated for 6 weeks. EM groups revealed a significant reduction in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C when compared with the control group(p<0.05). HMG-CoA reductase activity in EM groups were lower than those of the control group, but total sterol, neutral sterol, and bile acid excretion were increased in EM groups when compared with the control group(p<0.05). To identify the biological mechanism of EM towards the hypocholesterolemic effect, sterol response element binding proteins (SREBPs) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ transcription system were determined in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. It was discovered that EM suppress the expression of SREBP-$1{\alpha}$ and SREBP-2 mRNA in the liver tissues of high-cholesterol diet fed rats, while simultaneously increasing the expression of $PPAR{\alpha}$ mRNA(p<0.05). This finding indicates that EM may have hypocholesterolemic effects in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, by regulating cholesterol metabolism-related biochemical parameters and SREBP-$1{\alpha}$ SREPB-2 and $PPAR{\alpha}$gene expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.684-691
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Coriandrum sativum L. on lipid metabolism in nondiaetic and stretozotocin-induced diabetic.Thirty two mael Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 108$\pm$13 g were divided into four groups as follow: control (C), leaf(L), seed (S) and root (R) groups. For four weeks of experimental periods, the C group were fed basal diet and the L, S and R groups were fed Coriandru sativum L. diets containing 5% dried leaf, seed and root of Coriandrum sativum L, respectively. diet intakes, weight gain and food efficiency were not significantly different among the four groups. The liver and heart weights of L, s and R groups were significantly different amount the control group. The levels of plasma insulin was significantly increased but the plasma glucose levels was not decreased in all Coriandrum group. The levels of plasma lipids was not significantly different among the four groups. the levels of plasma total cholesterol was significantly decreased in R groups. The levels of plasma and liver TBARS values were significantly decreased in R groups. The levels of plasma vitamin E were tendency to decrease in all coriandum groups. These results indicate feeding diet with coriander did not show the hypolipidemic effect but show the antioxidative effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.277-283
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• 2002

In the present study, adverse effects of megadose of dietary perilla oil were investigated in an experimental model consisted of 6 groups of Wistar rats. To compare the adverse effects of megadose perilla oil with different kind of dietary fat, rats were fed one of the following diets for one month: 10% beef tallow (B$_1$B), 10% corn oil (C$_1$B), 10% perilla oil (P$_1$B), 20% beef tallow (B$_2$B), 20% corn oil (C$_2$B), and 20% perilla oil (P$_2$B) diet. The body weight gain rate seemed to be more affected by the size of fat contents than the species of fat in the diet, so the body weight gain rate of 20% fat groups were significantly higher than those of 10% fat groups in spite of the larger amount of flood intake in 10% fat groups than in 20% fat groups. The levers of plasma triglyceride and total-cholesterol in 20% fat groups were significantly increased in dose dependent fashion when compared to 10% groups, the values of beef tallow (B$_2$B) group being the highest among all groups. Plasma glutainic pyruvic transferase activities and level of blood urea nitrogen had a tendency to increase along with increase of fat contents (%) in diets, the values of P$_2$B group, the highest among all groups, being beyond the normal levers. The plasma carbon dioxide concentration of P$_2$B group was the highest in all groups and exceeded the normal value, there being no significant difference among the plasma carbon dioxide concentration of others groups. The results showed that large dose and long term intake of dietary perilla oil had some adverse effects on hepatic and other organic functions in rats.