• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.13-29
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of moral disengagement concerning the parental psychological control on children's participant role behavior in bullying situations. For the purposes of this research, a group of participants comprising total 541 students of fifth, seventh, eighth, tenth and eleventh grades from schools based in Seoul and Incheon were surveyed. As far as research methods are concerned, scales for parental psychological control, moral disengagement and participant role behavior in a bullying situation were used. The main findings of this research were as follows. First, by gender, there was a significant difference in participant role behavior in bullying. By grade, a significant difference was shown in parental psychological control, participant role behavior in bullying and moral disengagement. Second, variables affecting participant role behavior in bullying situations were found to be influenced by the types of role behavior respectively as well as by students' grade levels. Third, moral disengagement concerning the influence of parental psychological control on participant role behavior was found to have a full mediating effect on bystander behavior among elementary school students and bullying behavior among middle school and high school students.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.410-412
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• 2017

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious problem not only among workers who experience industrial accidents but also among workers who witness such accidents. Early intervention is needed to prevent prolonged psychological problems. There has been no study conducted regarding the psychological problems of and interventions for bystander workers in Korea. This study introduces the experience of intervention on psychological problems at the Busan Workers' Health Center workers who witnessed their colleagues' death. An investigation and an intervention were conducted according to the Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) Guide. In total, 21 individuals including indirect observers showed statistical differences on scores of the Impact Event Scale Revised and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 after the intervention. Future interventions and research involving a larger sample size over a longer period are needed. The KOSHA Guide could be a useful tool for urgent psychological intervention in the event of major workplace disasters.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.32.1-32.20
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• 2022

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathology of these exocrine glands is characterized by periductal focal lymphocytic infiltrates, and both T cell-mediated tissue injury and autoantibodies that interfere with the secretion process underlie glandular hypofunction. In addition to these adaptive mechanisms, multiple innate immune pathways are dysregulated, particularly in the salivary gland epithelium. Our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of SS has substantially improved during the past decade. In contrast to viral infection, bacterial infection has never been considered in the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, oral dysbiosis associated with SS and evidence for bacterial infection of the salivary glands in SS were reviewed. In addition, the potential contributions of bacterial infection to innate activation of ductal epithelial cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and B cells and to the breach of tolerance via bystander activation of autoreactive T cells and molecular mimicry were discussed. The added roles of bacteria may extend our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for this autoimmune exocrinopathy.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 1996

Visitors to O-Daesan National Park were surveyed from July 28 to 31 in 1995. During that time, 392 visitors were contacted. Of those individuals, 52% were males and 48% of females. 68% of respondents reported that they had gone as far as college. 50% were 20 years of age. the largest percentage of respondents were reported that they visited O-daesan Nat'l Park for enjoying natural landscape. In group type, 40% were traveling with their family and 36% with their friends. In activity characteristics, 38% were 1 day-2nights visitors and 37% were day-time visitors. 45% did cooking and 21% were mentioned carrying in their own food. Generally most respondents were perceived that the environmental pollution. Most respondents were not likely to intervene to stop other visitors' depreciative behavior(Bystander intervention behavior). And their perceived broadcasting for guidance of use in National Park.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1991

The B-lymphocyte differentiation from committed B-cell progenitors to antibody-secreting cells was discussed. B-cell progenitors derived from hematopoietic stem cells undergo the rearrangement of immunoglobulin(Ig) gene. The earliest cells as B-cell precursors have cytoplasmic Is(${\mu}$ chain). The entire Is molecule is expressed on the surface after synthesis of L chain. The resting B cells(Go stage) stimulated by binding antigen via Ig-receptors are activated(G$_1$ stage) and followed by proliferation(S stage), coupled with further selection(affinity maturation. class switch). The production of antibody against a particular antigen depends on the activation of B cells with surface Is capable of reacting with that antigen. This process does not occur in isolation but is controlled by helper and suppressor T cells and antigen presenting cells(APC). The mechanism of T cell-dependent B-cell response for production of antibody is largely explained by the cell to cell cooperation and soluble helper factors of T cells. 1) The antigen specific B cells and helper T cells are linked by Is-receptors, leading to the delivery of helper signals to the B cells. 2) Helper T cells recognize the processed antigen-derived peptides with the MHC class II molecules(la antigen) and is stimulated to secrete B-cell proliferation and differentiation factors which activate B cells of different antigenic specificity. The two models are shown currently 1) At low antigen concentration, only the antigen-specific B cell binds antigen and presents antigen-derived peptides with la molecules to helper T cells, which are stimulated to secrete cytokines(IL-4, IL-5, etc.) and 2) At high antigen concentration, antigen-derived peptides are presented by specific B cells, by B cells that endocytose the antigens, as well as by APC Cytokines secreted from helper T cells also lead to the activation of B cells and even bystander B cells in the on- vironmment and differentiate them into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Purpose: There has been an increase in the number of prehospital cardiac arrests due to the increasing number of cardiovascular diseases and the increase in the average age of the population. We performed this study to identify the proper resuscitation technique and AED to be used to increase the survival rate in prehospital cardiac arrests. Methods: This studied 159 victims with prehospital cardiac arrests(VF or VT rhythm) by EMT's Reports from January to August, 2005. Results: 108 of 159 victims(67.9%) were shocked by AED. Eighty of 159 victims(50.9%) were recorded with AED shock in prehospital cardiac arrests. A number of shocks is averaged 2.19; 46.2% of one-shock and 86.1% of 1-3 shock. EMS first-tier response interval from time of dispatch to scene arrival was 5.88 minutes, from scene arrival to scene start was 7.36 minutes, from scene start to hospital admission was 9.91 minutes and from scene arrival to AED shock was 6.84 minutes. EMT provided advanced care to prehospital cardiac arrests: 97.5% in CPR, 10.1% in advanced airway management, 67.9% in AED shock. Conclusion: With the increase in cardiovascular disease and old age, the number of prehospital cardiac arrests has risen gradually. However, there were lack of CPR by bystander, defibrillation and advanced cardiac life support(ACLS) in prehospital stage. To improve the adequacy of basic life support and to increase the performance of ACLS, especially AED, we must create challenges to develop new protocols in prehospital care.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.267-268
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• 2002

Microbeam is a new avenue of radiation research especially in radiation biology and radiation protection. Selective irradiation of an ionizing particle to a targeted cell organelle may disclose such mechanisms as signal transaction among cell organelles and cell-to-cell communication in the processes toward an endpoint observed. Bystander effect, existence of which is clearly evidenced by application of the particle microbeam to biological experiments, suggests potential underestimation in the conventional risk estimation at low particle fluence rates, such as environment of space radiations in ISS (International Space Station). To promote these studies we started the construction of our microbeam facility (named as SPICE) to our HVEE Tandem accelerator (3.4 MeV proton and 5.1 MeV $^4$He$\^$2+/). For our primary goal, "irradiation of single particle to cell organelle within a position resolution of 2 micrometer in a reasonable irradiation time", special features are considered. Usage of a triplet Q magnet for focussing the beam to submicron of size is an outstanding feature compared to facilities of other institutes. Followings are other features: precise position control of cell dish holder, design of the cell dish, data acquisition of microscopic image of a cell organelle (cell nucleus) and data processing, a reliable particle detection, soft and hard wares to integrate all these related data, to control and irradiate exactly determined number of particles to a targeted spot.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.611-620
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the image of elementary school teachers on special class. The Q-methodology was used as a research method which is useful for analyzing subjectivity like as human value, attitude, belief and image. P-sample as subjects of this study was collected from 40 elementary school teacher in Busan. A data was analyzed using QUANL PC program. As a result of research, the image of elementary school teachers on special class was classified as 4 type. The 1 type was labeled the practical proponent type. The 1 type teachers highly estimate the educational importance of the special class and thought it as a place that educational possibility of children with disabilities can come true. The 2 type was labeled the passive bystander type. They are quite indifferent to the special class, and are skeptical about the educational achievement of children with disabilities. The 3 type was labeled the ideational positive type. They admit the importance of the special class, but thought that the image about the special class highly depends on the ability of the teachers who take responsibility for it. The 4 type was labeled the realistic opponent. They criticize the special class for not being the place that inclusion education for children with disabilities comes true and they are dissatisfied with the fact that ordered-curriculum for children with disabilities isn't applied at all.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2020

Purpose: Bullying is a global problem, and various programs are under way to prevent it. The purpose of this study was to review school bullying interventions for Korean school-age children and adolescents. Methods: Online databases such as RISS, KISS, DBpia, NDSL and KMBASE were searched, identifying 32 intervention studies published from January 2009 to November 2018. Results: Thirty-two intervention studies were identified: 23 included school bullying prevention and 9 included school bullying treatment for victims or youth at high risk for bullying. The main purpose of preventive intervention was to decrease the bystander's attitude toward group bullying and treatment program was to improve the psychosocial adaptation of bullying victims. The school bullying interventions varied from group counseling, social skills training, art therapy, bibliotherapy using role-play, game & activities. Classroom environment variables and self-esteem, peer-related variables improved significantly after the school bullying prevention programs and school bullying treatment programs, respectively. Conclusion: There is potential for enhancing the outcomes of the behavioral, interpersonal psychological variable. Integrated interventions considering the individuality, gender and physical health of children and adolescents will also be needed. However, a rigorous study design is required to compensate for the methodological limitations.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on the basis of Heart Saver laureate. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes and the clinical characteristics of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by analyzing the data of two regions. The data were prehospital emergency reports of 473 patients who survived for > 72 hours after ROSC in two region from January 2012 to December 2013. Results: Among the ROSC patients, 86.8% (G), 77.9% (S) were men and 72.9% (G), 67.9% (S) were of age 41~70 years, 87.6% (G), 82.9% (S) had a witnessed cardiac arrest; and 66.7% (G), 70.6% (S) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation from bystander. Of those who performed the resuscitation, paramedics in 89.1% (G), 89.8% (S). Furthermore, 119 emergency medical technicians were involved in 69.0% of two-rescue teams in G and in 90.4% of three-rescue team in S. Conclusion: Most heart savers were qualified paramedics, and three-rescuer-teams resulted in better survival rate than two-rescuer-teams.