• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 2015

This paper proposes a Product Data Management (PDM) system architecture that supports end-user computing for small and medium businesses (SMBs) in Korea to build and maintain efficient and sustainable information systems for their product development. Its open database with relational tables enables existing common application programs such as Microsoft office suites to access product data in PDM systems. In addition, the interactive query processor provided by database management systems helps design engineers to build ad hoc queries in standard SQL database language to response different data requirements during their product development. The PDM architecture with the open database allows design engineers or technical staffs in SMBs to build and maintain their application programs for product development by themselves. To show the feasibility of the proposed architecture, this study implemented a prototype PDM system based on the architecture and database, and represents real-world product data with the implemented PDM system.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.57-72
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• 2009

As development of information technologies, customer retention has been an important issue in the competing environment. A lot of researches focus on prediction of the churning customers and seeking their characteristics. However, relationships among customers or products have not been considered in existing researches. In this study, product networks are proposed and analyzed to investigate the differences of network characteristics of products purchased by potential churning customers and those of loyal customers. The product networks are constructed from real product purchase data collected from a Korean department store. We investigated the characteristic differences, such as the degree centrality, degree centralization, and density, of two product networks constructed by potential churning customers and the loyal customers. The results indicate that degree centrality, density and degree centralization of the product network of the loyal customers are higher than those of the potential churning customers. And the promotional products of the department store are resulted to be effective in attracting the loyal customers.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

The exchangeability of subassembly has a good relationship with the modularization of product. This relationship can be found by the analysis of the characteristics of a product. The weight for decision factors for the modularization can be determined by the exchangeability of a product or subassembly. The functions, structure, materials of subassembly are used as the decision parameters of exchangeability. Using these selected parameters, the modularization of a product, the characteristics of product structure, and the product function are analyzed. And then, the weighting factors could be calculated quantitatively using this relationship and the parameters of the exchangeability. The calculated weight can contribute to help a designer design for recycling (DFR), design for energy (DFE) and Eco-design.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.21-30
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• 2013

Purpose - This paper examines product design management, the current design focus of which has shifted to the need to produce innovation applications that can effectively respond to the market's consumption changes in a timely manner. Research design, data, methodology - This study discusses several methodologies that are widely used in experimental processes, such as fuzzy theory, multi-criteria decision-making theory, and managing decision making. The designers will better understand their customers by applying these methodologies. This study examines how the current trend in product innovation design observes customer needs, controls innovation, and stimulates design ability. Results - This paper takes innovative telephone design as an experimental case to investigate how to create a product using market-oriented and customized management concepts and creative design abilities. Conclusions - If accompanied by an innovative product value chain, a product can further the development of enterprise management, now the main element of every developed country's social and economic development.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.750-755
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• 2014

Product shortage which causes backordering and/or lost sales cost is very popular in chemical industries, especially in commodity polymer business. This study deals with backordering cost in the supply chain optimization model under the framework of process-inventory network. Classical economic order quantity model with backordering cost suggested optimal time delay and lot size of the final product delivery. Backordering can be compensated by advancing production/transportation of it or purchasing substitute product from third party as well as product delivery delay in supply chain network. Optimal solutions considering all means to recover shortage are more complicated than the classical one. We found three different solutions depending on parametric range and variable bounds. Optimal capacity of production/transportation processes associated with the product in backordering can be different from that when the product is not in backordering. The product shipping cycle time computed in this study was smaller than that optimized by the classical EOQ model.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.45 no.3 s.114
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• pp.315-318
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• 2006

In this paper we present the simple updating formulas for a sum of product and a sum of cross product when a new value is added on or a specific value is eliminated from the original data. The sample variance and correlation for the new data set are derived by new computing formulas. Any statistic which is a function of the sum of product and a sum of cross product also can be updated by proposed method even though the original data is not available.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.61-70
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• 2015

Purpose - This study investigates whether the effectiveness of self trait-advertisement versus communion-focused advertisement on product evaluations depends on a type of pride felt as ambient emotion. It also explores whether the mediating roles of cognitive and affective response to the effect of the advertisement type on product evaluation are moderated by types of pride such as hubristic pride or authentic pride. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - This research uses a restaurant service as the experimental object and employs a 2 (pride type: hubristic pride vs. authentic pride) × 2 (advertisement type: self trait-focused advertisement versus communion-focused advertisement) between-subjects design, with cognitive response and affective response as within-subject. Each experimental group consisted of 40 undergraduate students assigned to participate in the experiment. One questionnaire from the authentic pride and self-trait focused advertisement group and two questionnaires from the hubristic pride and communion-focused advertisement group were removed due to answer errors, resulting in a participant number of 157. The author conducts a 2 (pride type: hubristic pride vs. authentic pride) × 2 (advertisement type: self trait-focused advertisement versus communion-focused advertisement) ANOVA on advertised product evaluations, and to better understand the interaction effects, also conducts separate analysis of the hubristic and the authentic pride groups. Additionally, the study conducts mediated moderation analysis to check the mediation role difference of the cognitive response and the affective response to each advertisement on the interaction effects on product evaluations between the hubristic and the authentic pride groups. Results - The findings indicate that participants in the hubristic pride group more positively evaluate the product in self-trait focused advertisement, whereas participants in the authentic pride group more positively evaluate the product in communion-focused advertisements. In addition, the mediating role of cognitive response on the positive interaction effect of advertisement type and pride type on product evaluation is partially moderated by the pride type. However, the mediating role of affective response on the positive interaction effect of advertisement type and pride type on the product evaluation is not moderated by the pride type. Conclusions - The results of this study contribute to advertisement theory development by exploring interaction effects of ambient pride type and advertisement type on product evaluation, as well as to the theory of consumer behavior by exploring how pride type moderates the mediating roles of cognitive response on the positive interaction effect of advertisement type and pride type on product evaluation. From the perspective of the current research, advertisers should research what kinds of events consumers have experienced to increase the effectiveness of their advertisements, and use self-trait advertisements when consumers are grouped under ambient hubristic pride, and use communion-focused advertisements when consumers are grouped under ambient authentic pride. However, future research is necessary to discover the reasons why the mediating role of affective response to advertisements in the interaction effects of pride type and advertisement type on product evaluation is not moderated by pride type.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.97-107
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• 1999

Given a C-dynamical system (A, G, $\alpha$) with a locally compact group G, two kinds of C-algebras are made from it, called the full C-crossed product and the reduced C-crossed product. In this paper, we extend the theory of the classical C-crossed product to the C-dynamical system (A, G, $\alpha$) with a left-cancellative semigroup M with unit. We construct a new C-algebra A $\alpha$rM, the reduced crossed product of A by the semigroup M under the action $\alpha$ and investigate some properties of A $\alpha$rM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.867-872
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum level of green tea by-product (GTB) in diets without antibiotics and to evaluate its effect on broiler performances. A total of 140 Ross broilers were kept in battery cages for a period of 6 weeks. Dietary treatments used in this experiment were antibiotic free group (basal diet as a control), antibiotic added group (basal+0.05% chlortetracycline), GTB 0.5% (basal+GTB 0.5%), GTB 1% (basal+GTB 1%) and GTB 2% (basal+GTB 2%). Antibiotic added group showed significantly higher body weight gain than other treatments (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments (p>0.05). The addition of green tea by-product to diets tended to decrease blood LDL cholesterol content compared to control group although there were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). Addition of green tea by-product increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in blood plasma and tended to decrease cholesterol content in chicken meat, but a significant difference was not observed (p>0.05). The values of TBA in chicken meat decreased in groups fed diets with green tea-by product and antibiotics compared to control group (p<0.05). The crude protein content in chicken meat was decreased slightly in treatments with green tea by-product and antibiotics supplementation. The abdominal fat was increased in chickens fed with diets with green tea by-product compared to the control (p<0.05).

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to 1) identify types and usage levels of production 2) classify apparel manufacturers based on production systems and 3) investigate relationship between characteristics of apparel manufacturers and production system. Apparel manufacturer's characteristics included product line and the number of employees. For this study, the questionnaires were administered to 215 apparel manufacturers in metropolitan area from Feb. to Mar. 1998. Employing a sample of 201, data were analyzed by using factor analysis, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA). The following are the results or this study : 1. The production system was identified as three types of production system such as the management centered system, the product centered system and the worker centered system. 2. Based on the three types of the production system, apparel manufacturer were classified into manager centered and product centered groups. 3. With respect to product line, men's wear manufactures were operated the most frequently by manager centered and product centered groups. 3. With respect to product line, men's wear manufacturers were operated the most frequently by management centered system and women's wear manufacturers were operated the most frequently by worker centered system. With respect to the number of employees, apparel manufacturers comprising 5∼19 employees were performed the least frequently worker centered system, while those comprising 50∼99 and 100∼299 employees the least frequently worker centered system.