• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.22
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• pp.263-276
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• 1994

The achievement of notable social reoforms attained during the period of 19th and 20th centuries needlessly speaking remodelded the social environmental into several different patterns such as :1) high industrialization 2) propensity to consume 3) up graded overall social stands. Accordingly the industrial world of the but-tons too established the mess production syhstem by breaking from convention of hand-craft work of 17th century. The raw materials used in the production line on buttons during the 20th century are almost all-kind of materials one can possibly named including cheap plastic which enabled production lines to produce cheaper but higher productivities of the buttons being produced, The design (incused design) used in the 19-20h centuries are : men landscape, sports features, birds, livestocks, bugs, or geomatric features, tec, 1, The classification o f the buttons by materials Techniques shapes colors marking (Incused design) used in the productionof buttons in the England United States of America Laska Italy france Denmark Japan and India are categolizzed as : natural raw materials and syntetical resines. 1) Of the natural raw materials used are : Matal Enamel Iodine Agate, Coral, Green jade(Jasper) Granite, Wood, Ivory, Horn and bone etc. 2) The sythetical resin used in the button in-dustries are : Artificial jewell glass Acrylic material Styroform Celluloid and Nylon etc. 2. The thecnique quoted in producing buttons are hand craft work inlay work precision casting press mosic dye etching, processing, engraving and embossed carving etc. 3. The major designs used in the buttons in -dustries are : Round shape however elliptical column angular and edge shape often used. 4. The colors used are : The multi-colors were highly used than mono-colored materials such as : Adjoining Color and Contrast Color. The highest consideration to be considered in choosing the colors for the buttons are harmonization and matching factor with the garment or dresses to be wore. 5. The major design(incused design) on the buttons are embodiment and the design were also used in order of abstractive-combination abstractive with has offers much surprising. The button industries during the 19th and 20th centuries were not only the determination factors those can judge the value of self-pride of Nation and which were far beyond the in-dustrial arts in those days but also highly refelected and influenced by cultural sense ideology and self-pride of the Nation of those period. The followings are details of the role of the buttons categolized in the order of functional ornamental and symbolical aspects : 1. The functional role : The functional role of the buttons were simply designed for dress how-ever the buttons beyond from this role of function now a days. 2. The ornamental role : The ornamental role of he button beyond from this role of the button were effectuated by : 1) shape materials colors 2) technique locations size and design (incused design) 3) The ramaterials used for buttons shall not be over looked because it is highly depends on the taste sense and combination of harmony with the garment to be wore. 4) The color of the buttons are made well contrasted with the color of garments just as in the case of other artistical area such as matchs with the color of garment of contrast with brigtness of colors contrasted as complementary color and so and so. 5) The technique being adoped are: precision casting press handcraft inlay work etching mosic etc,. Since the buttons are no longer a simple catching devise used to fasten together the different part of the dress but now it has formed own and occupied the independent role in the garment or dresses location can be de-termined and varying depending on the ideas of designers. The size of the buttons has no specific limits, However the variation has widely dependined on the entire circumperence rhythm contrast harmonization of the garments. 3. The symbolical role : Since the button is no longer a just a simple devise for catching and fastening device used fastening together the different part of the garments but now were built a independent area as major part of the Garment and well reflected all kinds of occupations political background cultural as-pect etc. on the buttons. The design of buttons in the western circles are more simplified but they are polished looks and their techniques of manufacturing are comination of both machanis and handcraft. The colors used in the buttons are pretty well harmonized with garment(dress). Almost all kind of materials can be used in the but-tons however materials used in the buttons are : Bone of livestocks ivory, turtle shell are no longer used because the prevention of cruely of animal. On the contraly the level of buttons indus-try of Korea is far to reach and catch up with the level of western circles. It is highly suggested therefore the but-tons industrial field of Republic of Korea shall place and encouragement in producing beter industrial environment of the buttons based on the traditional and cultural aspect of republic of Korea to produce both manufacturing of qulified and best designed and colored buttons.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.23-32
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• 2006

Window buttons located on a task bar provide information about windows that have been open as well as active. When the number of buttons on the task bar increases, the button size gets smaller and as a result, it is more difficult to identify. This study proposes new alternatives of presenting window buttons to search for a target button efficiently. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the usability of the new. Factors manipulated in the experiment include 'button arrangement methods' and 'order of buttons'. The 'button arrangement methods' factor is composed of three levels, 'one line', 'changeable line', and 'grouping buttons'. The 'order of buttons' factor is composed of three levels, 'fixed order', 'click-right', and 'order control by user'. The results showed that the main effects were significant in search time. In subjective satisfaction, the interaction effect was also significant. The results could be applied to the design of small screens such as PDA or cellular phones.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.97-115
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• 2022

The study aims to explore a new direction for research on buttons by understanding the functions and artistic features of buttons on Western clothing in the 18th and 19th centuries, and to use the findings to develop a textile design. In terms of the research method, the period was set in the 18th and 19th centuries, when decorative features and artistic values of buttons on Western clothing reached theirpeak, while theoretical analysis was made based on literature and previous research papers on Western clothing, websites of the Metropolitan Museum and French Museum of Decorative Arts and other website materials, as well as special exhibition materials of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. Textile designs were developed using computer programs, including Clip Studio Paint and Adobe Photoshop, by integrating the reinterpreted motif of buttons in the 18th and 19th centuries and the styles that prevailed at that time. The results are as follows. First, buttons on Western clothing had the following three functions: a practical function, a symbolic function representing the wearer's status, and a decorative function expressing individuality and beauty. Second, buttons in the 18th century were works of art made with various handicraft techniques and were an important medium that expressed the wearer's fashion sense. In addition, buttons in the 19th century were mass-produced as a result of industrialization and took a major step forward with the development of materials and dyeing. Buttons reflected themes of poetry, drama, biblical stories, music and art, lifestyle,, along with the political and social atmosphere that rapidly changed after the revolution and fashion trends. Third, the artistic features and shapes of buttons were reinterpreted to create a design motif, and the design was developed reflecting the characteristic elements of the rococo style of the 18th century and the art nouveau style of the 19th century that can conform to modern fashion, thereby rediscovering the artistic meaning and value implied in buttons. In the future, the research on creative buttons of 20th century artists is expected to be conducted from various perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.18
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• pp.247-268
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• 1992

The Clothing expresses people's desire of beauty most directly of all cultural inheritances, and it teach us how the human culture has changed and developed. In this study researched the history of buttonholes which make the clothes more functional and beautiful. Buttons and Buttonholes is one of detailed elements they used as a fastener or as a decoration on clothing. Button have been used since ancient times, in early times long before buttons were used as fasteners they had significant decorative and symbolic value. In ancient times, clothes fastened with pins, brooches, fibular and ties. In medieval Europe, it was not until the 13th century that they used the button in functional use, and then Chong Ryung-Lk was introduced from orient, and they became popular as fasteners on clothing during the 13th century when fitted clothes replaced loose garments. Garments were laced together or fastened with buttons, until buttonholes were invented in the 13th century. But as early as the 14th century it appears that someone discovered that a loop slipped over a button, or button pushed through a slit in the cloth, would make a good clothes fastener. Many buttons made during the modern ages were convex medallions set in metal rims and decorated with partraits of famous men and women. During the modern ages, buttons, with ligh-ographed pictures, covered with celluloid of glass were popular. In the 19th century, the mass production by machine made people use the button easily, and many different material of button easily and many different material of button was made. With the begining of the 20th century. the development of plastics led to various and functional buttons. The type of buttonholes also became various, as bound buttonhole, Tailred buttonhole, Worked buttonhole, Loop buttonhole and so on. The button has many forms which were imitated by nature, or made geometrically and the appearance of the button from behind is classified by what has holes and what has holes and what has a shank, and I also classified the kinds of button by the quality of the material design and use. Like this, with the passing of the time buttons and buttonholes have changed in appearance with the change of clothes, and they have standed for something meaningful as well as fixed the opening and made clothes more beautiful.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.228-233
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• 2024

Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, various methods have been devised to prevent infections caused by physical contact. Among them, a non-contact button was developed to prevent infections in elevators, where many contacts occur in daily life. In this study, an active shield type capacitance sensor is used to detect changes in capacitance when a finger approaches. There is no static power consumption, and the relatively expensive ADC and MCU are reduced to one by sensing buttons every time using analog switches. In addition to the elevator buttons, this technology is expected to replace push-type buttons that many people contact in everyday life.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2016

Objective: This study is concerned with the user interface (UI) design of touch screen based on the reaction time of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) user. Background: Adopting the touch screen technology, the ATM service has recently established a new user interface different from the existing button-type interface. Method: Experiments were conducted by simulating ATM touch screen layouts, and layouts were focused on location of menu buttons (left and right, top and bottom), number of menu buttons (8 and 12 buttons). Results: The results show that there are significant differences in correction ratio and reaction time by user groups, types of menu location, and the number of buttons. Conclusion and Applications: The results of this study can be used to provide baseline information for the interface design of ATM touch screen and the age differences in reaction time.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.92-100
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• 2004

A service robot is expected to be useful in indoor environment such as a hotel, a hospital and so on. However, many service robots are driven by wheels so that they cannot climb stairs to move to other floors. If the robot cannot use elevators. In this paper, the mobile manipulator system was developed, which can operate numeral buttons on the operating panel in the elevator. To perform this task, the robot is composed of an image recognition module, an ultrasonic sensor module and a manipulator. The robot can recognize numeral buttons and an end-effector in manipulator by the vision system. The Learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithm is used to recognize the number on the button. The barcode mark on the end-effector is used to recognize the end-effector. The manipulator can push numeral buttons using informations captured by the vision system. The proposed method is evaluated by experiments.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to find out what type of skip button used in forced exposure advertising is the most positive to the users. The four types of skip buttons were produced for the experiment and tested by survey and eye tracker to reveal the effects of the skip buttons on perceived intrusion, advertising attention, attitude toward advertising, and memory consisting of recall and recognition. Out of 80 participants, 20 were randomly assigned to the specific type of skip button group. The results showed that there is no statistical difference in advertising attention, perceived intrusiveness and attitude toward advertising. However, the recall and recognition rate are the highest in the static text type and kinetic text, product image, and default follow statistically. This study has implications for using skip buttons as a major variable for inventory of TrueView advertising effects and suggests that the amount of information in the image is critical processed by users within very short time.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.17
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• pp.55-68
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• 2016

Conservation and research efforts are currently underway at the National Museum of Korea on a series of artifacts excavated from Tomb No. 9 at Seogam-ri nearly a century ago by an archaeology team from the institution's colonialera predecessor. Among these objects are a number of bronze and gilt bronze buttons. The present study explores the production techniques used in making such buttons. Both bronze and gilt bronze buttons are hemispherical in shape and are similar in external appearance. However, their shanks differ significantly in size and cross-sectional shape, some with a round cross-section while others are square. The buttons, first sorted into two groups by each type of shank, were further subdivided by size. Analysis of round shanks has found variations in design and location as well as in shank thickness. In addition, the location where round shanks attach to buttons are usually irregular in surface. Square shanks, on the other hand, are more uniform in design and location. The shanks are typically located on the backs of buttons and attach to a groove which ostensibly serves to mark the correct position. X-ray imaging has revealed that round shanks have thick borders made from metal rather than dirt or other material. The buttons themselves appear to been cast using lost-wax technique. The ways in which each shank attaches to its respective button varies based on its cross-sectional shape.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2019

This study was conducted to improve the use experience of elderly people in fast food kiosks which are actively utilizing 'un-tact' technology. First, the Kiosk design analysis criteria were discussed through literature research. Then, the UI screens of McDonald's, Lotteria and Burger King, which are currently serving kiosks in Korea, were divided into colors, layouts and buttons. Next, the usability evaluation and survey of the elderly revealed problems with the interface design of the current kiosk. As a result, older people do not recognize buttons without an outline as buttons, and errors occur when layout changes or when viewing is complicated. In addition, horizontal navigation and vertical layout menus were error-free, and the design of buttons was error-free with the same color for the same function. Research shows that the Kiosk UI design is preferred by older people. First, buttons in the form of outline or solid are recommended. Second, vertical binding of buttons combined with images and text is recommended. Third, the screen layout should be consistent with the direction of view flow and manipulation, and should avoid increasing the number of menus and information. Fourth, page navigation is recommended in horizontal form and menu arrangement is vertical form. Finally, buttons that perform the same function are efficient for buttons to use the same color, and for different functions, applying a complementary colors can reduce confusion.