• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2020

This study deals with the terms of three connection factors that promote air cargo transportation in the east-south area: a firm's subjective factors, industrial environment factors, and governmental policy factors. According to the analysis results, a firm's subjective factors (4.48) scored highest of the three promotion factors, followed by industrial environment factors (4.20) and government policy factors (3.88). Therefore, it is important to promote to air cargo transportation in the east-south area a firm's subjective factors (1) to procure concentrated market strategy and real market capacity, (2) to procure speedy satisfaction of customer needs and confidence, (3) to enhance aviation route development, and (4) to enhance business ability of airlines and forwarders. Next, air cargo transportation should be promoted in the east-south area by considering industrial environment factors and government policy factors.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.15-43
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• 2007

The object of this study is to present a strategy against technology protectionism of advanced countries focusing on international cooperation policy of KIPO and infringement of overseas intellectual property rights on the notion that a policy performed without a long-term plan will not lead to industrial growth in the long run. The number of dispute cases of intellectual property rights in Japan ranks first with 275 cases compared to that of other countries. Among the dispute case, the number of validation trial is 107 cases(38.9%), and correction trial is 83 cases(30.2%). The USA ranks second in dispute of intellectual property rights. Among the dispute of intellectual property rights in the USA, the number of validation trial is 66 cases(64.7%), and correction trial is 21 cases(20.6%). A strategy against technology protectionism of advanced countries is as follows. A strategy is required to cope with infringement of overseas intellectual property rights. Korean government has to strengthen the function of overseas intellectual property rights protection center, strengthen boundary restriction of infringement goods, promote international dispute study, train international dispute specialist, solve jurisdiction problem of patent court system, improve trial system, construct confidence as social capital etc. Enterprises have to maintain No Patent No Future policy, specialize on application and countermeasure against infringement dispute, participate for formation and standardization of Patent Pool, strive for specialization regarding technical transfer and license management.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-487
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the entrepreneurship of undergraduate students and the entrepreneurial intention focused on the mediating effect of the motivation for participating in the start-up idea contest. The results of the study were as followed; First, it was found that the factors of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking in the entrepreneurship had significant influence on the entrepreneurial intention. Second, the effect of the factors between the innovativeness in the entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial intention was significant influence by mediating effect of the motivation for participating in the start-up idea contest. Last, the factors of financial reward, career reward of the motivation were not effected by entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. Based on these findings, students with high entrepreneurship have high entrepreneurial intention. And students were intended to feel a sense of achievement through challenging than getting financial rewards and career rewards. Therefore, it was shown that in order to encourage undergraduate's establish of a new business, the environment to develop innovative ideas and inspiring the confidence of participating in the start-up contest are needed to be invigorated.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-481
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• 2019

Background: As South Korea is becoming an aged society very rapidly, the increase in osteoarthritis prevalence raises various public health issues in this country. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic factors associated with osteoarthritis in the current Korean elderlies. Methods: Using the National Survey of Korean Elderly data (2014, 2017), we analyzed 20,326 elderlies (males, 8,248; females, 12,078) and conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses by sex. The dependent variable is whether a participant was diagnosed with osteoarthritis or not. Independent variables of interest is socio-demographic factors such as age, marital status, household type, residential area, household income, religion, the longest job, the number of close relatives, the number of close friends, and survey year. Control variables are various health behavioral factors and disease-related factors. Results: Prevalence of osteoarthritis was 19.2% in male elderlies and 47.0% in female elderlies. According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression adjusted for all studied control variables, the odds ratio (OR) for having osteoarthritis of under-elementary school graduates (their counterpart was college graduate group) was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.52) in males and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.12-2.47) in females. The OR of those having a job in agriculture & forestry fishery as their longest job (their counterpart was those who had never participated in labor force during their lifetime) was 5.07 (95% CI, 1.46-17.58) in males and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.27-1.74) in females. In males, the second-low quartile group in household yearly income (their counterpart was the highest quartile group) had the OR of 1.22 (95% CI, 0.98-1.53). In females, the OR of those having a religion of Buddhism (their counterpart was those having no religion) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35) and the OR of those who had no relatives (their counterpart was those having more than 3 close relatives) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.10-1.56). Conclusion: This study found that in Korean elderlies, education, the longest job, household income, religion, and the number of close relatives are associated with their suffering from osteoarthritis. Further study and designing appropriate interventions are needed to alleviate current and future individual and socioeconomic burdens of osteoarthritis in an aged society like South Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.102-112
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• 2001

It has been passed $5\~6$ years since Construction Management introduced in Korea, but a few government projects have been presented as CM instances. We performed CM service, on behalf of the foreign Client, in the Insa-dong construction, I-Project. Even though there were many limits in cost, time and other aspects, we have attained satisfaction of the Client and successful businesses of all the construction parties as adopting the advanced management methods. Many advanced construction methods have been applied for the purpose of time reduce, cost save and quality assurance as well as to the webbased project management has been imported to overcome the limits of time and place. They have actualized to increase the productivity of the project by managing the floor to floor cycle and quality systemically pursuant to ISO 9002, and by adopting Real-name construction and completion system (or individual activity. While carrying out this project, it is possible to establish mutual reliability and understanding enable to resolve the issues occurring in the early stage due to insufficient understanding of CM, lack of communications and team work, indistinct work scope through continuos training and conferences. Additionally, we became to share business targets among the parties and promoted the project in confidence. We wish that the success of I- project to be rated as a standard model of CM in Korea.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.85-109
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• 2010

L/C provides the exporter and the importer with safe assurance in the exchange of goods for payment in international trade. It involves a number of parties. Although the parties may have confidence in their client, bad faith or ignorance of international banking practice by any of these parties could cause the failure of transaction, which makes international trade a risky business. Most of the risks are found in transport document, which can cause disputes. There are many factors in the risk of transport documents under L/C transaction. One most common risk factor for the beneficiary in all transport documents is even if there is no discrepancy in document, the issuing bank or the applicant refuses to pay or delay payment insisting there is a discrepancy. In some very rare cases, the beneficiary may not get paid due to unfair injunction of the local court of the applicant. For the applicant, most common risk factors are fake bill and fraud. Risks classified according to the sorts of transport documents are as follows. 1. In B/L, payment can be refused because it is regarded as charter party B/L, although there is no real charter party contract. And the applicant can bear the potential risk of the loss or deterioration of cargo through transhipment of the cargo loaded on board in container if transhipment is prohibited without excluding of UCP 600 article 20 (c). 2. In charter party B/L, the applicant may take delivery without paying when charter party B/L is signed by charterer, which can result in a big loss for the beneficiary and the negotiating bank. And risks may arise when cargo is seized because the charterer does not pay the hire. The applicant and the issuing bank are also vulnerable to a risk - Against whom should they file a suit when cargo gets damaged during transportation? 3. In multimodal transport document, which is subject to a conflict because there is a big difference in viewpoints between transport industry and banks, conflicts may also arise when L/C requires ocean B/L and accepts multimodal transport document at the same time, but does not specify the details. 4. In air waybill, where the consignee is not the issuing bank but the applicant, risks may take place to the beneficiary when the applicant takes delivery but refuses to pay asserting minor discrepancies in document. The applicant may also bear the risk when cargo may not be loaded because air waybill is a received bill. Another risk may arise when although the applicant prohibits transhipment without excluding UCP 600 article 23 (c), the cargo may be transhipped, provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same air waybill.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.159-179
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• 2016

Companies do not be resolved by the FTA services of external aid should be operational by assigning dedicated personnel inside the company. FTA is a choice, not an essential trade agreement requirements. If the exporter contracts to provide a certificate of origin in trade agreements, it shall issue a certificate of origin of goods originating management is performed. When considering the future trend of spreading wide FTA, it should be extended to one year to take advantage of the FTA Certificate of Origin environments utilizing a comprehensive environment for regional countries that require proof of origin between certain countries, such as current. FTA utilization of the future is to utilize the GVC(Global Value Chain) efficiently. In other words, the expansion of the consumer market and take advantage of an efficient production base across borders. These environmental changes are needed development of the FTA utilization promotion and FTA experts. The experts studying how to procure raw materials or intermediate goods exports in a variety of regional foreign countries, to meet the rules of origin is required for a successful FTA utilization. One of the objectives of Origin managers are qualified experts in the country of origin can take advantage of the FTA plan. Therefore, managers of origin shall collect their ability to expand the understanding and information about the industry as an international business perspective beyond the Certificate of Origin. In addition, it should be in their best learning expertise for the introduction and development of country of origin control system in an effort to effectively perform its international FTA utilization. Once the FTA is more widespread in the future and build a common origin information it must not be disconnected until the export enterprises from terminal manufacturers systematically. Therefore origin management is preferred by expanding the knowledge base of teaching and learning in the common sense to the universal subject of specialization from professional schools to promote the relevant departments so that they can be opened in a college or university. An FTA hub linking East and West, also need the confidence that in order to become a center of Glabal Supply Chain Using an FTA Certificate of Origin and stable environment for importers to import products from the country offers. Certificate of Origin and all of them thoroughly exporters and companies related to the administration of origin and should create an atmosphere that can effectively respond to the origin verification. Korea shall endeavor to elicit a geopolitical value (FTA Hub), as well as securing a competitive advantage in the global industry leverage, trading at a reasonable price competitive products thereby enhancing production and economic growth through the FTA.

• Distribution Business Review
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• no.3
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• pp.155-170
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• 2003

본 연구는 기본적으로 온라인과 오프라인의 통합마케팅을 절명하고 이에 관한 경험적 사례를 개발하기 위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 앨범서비스 영역의 공생적 기반 위에 전개되는 온 -오프라인의 경험적 사례를 개발하고 바람직한 마케팅방향 방향을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 문헌연구와 사례연구를 병행하여 연구를 진행하였다. 사례는 인터넷 기반의 앨범서비스를 제공하기 위한 (주)와이드스쿨이다. 온-오프라인의 협력적 통합마케팅의 전략을 전개하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 온 -오프라인의 뚜렷한 목표를 절정하고 성장방향에 대한 비전을 공유하고 나아가 온 -오프라인의 사명을 감당하는 것이다. 즉, 실천적으로는 \circled1 항상 고객 (customer)기반의 의사결정을 이루며 \circled2 철저한 협력적 돕는 경쟁(competition) 의식과 \circled3 구성원 자신의 일에 대한 자신감(confidence)을 지니고 \circled4 실천을 위한 용기(courage)를 가지고 \circled4 혁신하여 변화(change)를 선도하는 것이다. 온라인(on line)으로 표현되는 인터넷환경은 모든 영역에 변화를 요구하고 있다. 온라인에 관한 연구는 크게 온라인시장의 경쟁(competition)에 관한 연구와, 온라인 소비자(consumer)에 관한 연구 그리고 온라인 시장 참가기업(company)에 관한 연구로 구분된다(이석규 ; 2001). 이중 기업에 관한 연구의 중심에는 e-biz의 수익모텔에 관한 연구가 주류를 이루고 았다(David et al, 1999) 특히 오프라인기업의 경우 어떠한 형태방법으로 온라인 환경에 부응하며 기존의 마케팅활동과 연계할 것인가는 매우 중요한 문제다. 즉 기존의 오프라인기업이 온라인도구변화에 적응하고 이를 전략적으로 활용하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 오프라인과 온라인의 통합에 관한 형태와 전략 등을 명확히 이해하고 적용하는 것이 중요하다. 개수가 감소하는 것과는 상당히 다른 분포이다. 따라서 우리의 관측 결과는 2001년 사자자리 유성우의 극대 시간 전후 2시간에 적어도 0등급 이하의 밝은 유성이 상대적으로 많이 발생하였을 것으로 해석된다. 이런 밝은 유성의 빈도는 유성우 특성 연구에 중요한 의미를 가진다. 그러나 표준성만을 이용해 결정된 유성 등급은 유성의 지속 시간에 대한 불확실성과 전천 카메라 감응도의 비선형성에 의한 불확실성을 내포하고 있음을 지적해 둔다.umn chromatography)를 사용하였고 일련의 정제 과정을 통하여 배양액 중의 L-lactic acid 정제 수율은 약 85% 정도로 나타났으며 HPLC로 분석한 결과 99.7%의 순도를 확인할 수 있었다.경향을 나타내며 유입휫수와 $Dst_{min}$ 사이에는 높은 상관관계(0.83)가 있었다. 둘째, 주상기간 중 자기폭풍의 크기가 클수록 플럭스 비 ($f_{max}/f_{ave}$는 대체로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그리고 75~113keV 에너지 채널에서의 $Dst_{min}$ 값과 플럭스 비의 상관계수는 0.74로서 가장 높았으며 나머지 에너지 채널 역시 비교적 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 셋째, 주상기간 중 총 에너지 유입률 지수와 $Dst_{min}$ 사이에 높은 상관관계가 확인되었다. 특히 환전류를 구성하는 주요 입자의 에너지 영역(75~l13keV)에서 가장 높은(0.80) 상관계수를 기록했다. 넷째, 회복기 중에 일어나는 입자들의 유입은 자기폭풍의 지속시간을 연장시키는 경향을 보이며 큰 자기폭풍일수록 현저했다. 주상에서 관측된 이러한 특성은 서브스톰 확장기 활동이 자기폭풍의 발달과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사한다.se that were all low in two aspects, named "the Nonsignificant group".

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.70-81
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• 2020

Point-by-point data, which is abundantly collected by vehicles with embedded GPS (Global Positioning System), generate useful information. These data facilitate decisions by transportation jurisdictions, and private vendors can monitor and investigate micro-scale driver behavior, traffic flow, and roadway movements. The information is applied to develop app-based route guidance and business models. Of these, speed data play a vital role in developing key parameters and applying agent-based information and services. Nevertheless, link speed values require different levels of physical storage and fidelity, depending on both collecting and reporting intervals. Given these circumstances, this study aimed to establish an appropriate collection interval to efficiently utilize Space Mean Speed information by vehicles with embedded GPS. We conducted a comparison of Probe-vehicle data and Image-based vehicle data to understand PE(Percentage Error). According to the study results, the PE of the Probe-vehicle data showed a 95% confidence level within an 8-second interval, which was chosen as the appropriate collection interval for Probe-vehicle data. It is our hope that the developed guidelines facilitate C-ITS, and autonomous driving service providers will use more reliable Space Mean Speed data to develop better related C-ITS and autonomous driving services.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.131-151
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• 2019

This paper is conducted to find out if the previous corporate internal reservation has a significant effect on current investment and dividend payments by using the dummy variables of each classified industry. The results of the research show that previous corporate internal reservation had a significant effect on current material investments in following fields - manufacturing industries, technical services, wholesale and retail industries, information services, construction and transportation industries - over two years. Especially, investments in tangible assets were more effective than those in development expenses. In human resource investment, previous corporate internal reservation had a significant effect on current human investments in fields of manufacturing, technical services, information services and transportation industries. Among them, investments in education training expense and welfare benefit expense were more effective than those in wages. In the dividend section, previous corporate internal reservation had a significant effect on current dividends in the fields of manufacturing, wholesale and retail, information services, transportation industries, and in other businesses. Among them, Expenditure on dividend amounts was found to be more effective than that on dividend ratio. This paper contributed to the field in a way of empirically demonstrating the effects of previous corporate internal reservation on current investments and dividends by using the method of industrial classification. On the other hand, it also has a limitation since collecting precise taxation data was practically difficult. Therefore, a further developed study is required to find out the standard which shows exactly how much the measured results of the regression analysis reflect the effects of the government policies. Moreover, it is considered necessary for the government to devise policies on vagueness and uncertainties in the domestic and overseas economic and business environments so that companies can conduct investment with confidence.