• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2012

Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2013

To investigate the transmission pattern of geographical area and temporal trends of the 2010~2011 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Korea, and to explore temporal intervals at which spatial clustering of FMD cases space-time analysis based on georeferenced database of 3,575 burial sites, from 30 November 2010 to 23 February 2011, was performed. The cases represent approximately 98.1% of all infected farms (n = 3,644) during the same period. Descriptive maps of spatial patterns of the outbreaks were generated by ArcGIS. Spatial Scan Statistics, using SaTScan software, was applied to investigate geographical clusters of FMD cases across the country. Overall, spatial heterogeneity was identified, and the transmission pattern was different by province. Cattle have more clusters in number but smaller in size, as compared to the swine population. In addition, spatiotemporal analysis and the comparison of clustering patterns between the first 7 days and days 8 to 14 of the outbreak revealed that the strongest spatial clustering was identified at the 7-day interval, although clustering over longer intervals (8~14 days) was also observed. We further discussed the importance of time period elapsed between FMD-suspected notice and the date of confirmation, and emphasized the necessity of region-specific and species-specific control measures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.106-125
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• 2020

From 1949 to the present day, many Koguryo sites have been excavated, in North Korea. It can also be said that archaeological surveys and studies in North Korea have triggered Koguryo archaeological studies in South Korea. However, since the 1990s, the excavation of Koguryo sites and archaeological research in North Korea has been carried out as an extension of Daedonggang culture. Therefore, these archaeological surveys focused on the Pyongyang and more general northwestern areas of North Korea, and the conclusion was that Koguryo was a powerful nation with a millennium-long history inherited Gojoseon. Beginning in 1945 in North Korea, the archaeological surveys and related systems were organized, and burial mounds, castles, and city remains were excavated under the idea that Koguryo was a millennium-long, strong nation. In addition, archaeological research has been conducted to validate and confirm this belief. On the notion that Koguryo was founded in 277 BCE, it was insisted that the age of the tombs in Pyongyang was increased and Pyongyang took the position as a Vice Capital in the 4^th Century. Recently an excavation of the castle located in Pyongyang supports the idea that Koguryo inherited Gojoseon on a layered basis. However, the archaeological and conceptual grounds for the founding of Koguryo in the 3^rd Century BCE or the succession of Gojoseon and Koguryo were insufficient. As can be seen from the reconstruction of the royal tombs of the Dongmyung and Dangun, the archaeological surveys in North Korea were criticized for their selective discoveries and arbitrary interpretations. This further supports the necessity for joint excavations and academic exchanges between South and North Korea.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2020

Purpose: Cavity growth process monitoring is to periodically monitor changes in common size and topography for general and observational grades to predict the rate of common growth. The purpose of this study is to establish a systematic cavity management plan by evaluating the general and observational class community in a non-destructive method. Method: Using GPR exploration equipment, the acquired surface image and the surrounding status image are analyzed in the GPR probe radargram in depth, profile, and cross section of the location. The exact location is selected using the distance and surrounding markings shown on the road surface of the initial detection cavity, and the test cavity is analyzed by calling the radar at the corresponding location. Result: As a result of monitoring tests conducted at a cavity 30 sites of general and observation grade, nine sites have been recovered. Changes in scale were seen in 21 cavity locations, and changes in size and grade occurred in 13 locations. Conclusion: The under road cavity is caused by various causes such as damage to the burial site, poor construction, soil leakage caused by groundwater leakage, waste and ground vibration. Among them, indirect factors could infer the effects of groundwater and localized rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.76-101
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• 2013

In this article, we examine the Taeshil of King Jungjo, the 22nd King of the Joseon dynasty located in Yongwol, Gangwondo. The Jangtae culture - burial of the navel cord - is a unique Royal ritual which began during the Shilla dynasty and continued to be carried out for a long period until the Koryo and Joseon dynasties. Until today, about 300 Taebong sites have been discovered, most of which are the Taebong of the decedents of the royal family of the Joseon Kingdom. Most Taeshils built for Kings of the Joseon dynasty were destroyed during the Japanese colonial period, among which only a few have been recovered and managed across the nation. The Taeshil of King Jungjo is one of the leading examples among existing Taeshils in Korea which has managed to preserve well enshrined relics as well as literature documents including stone relics in perfect sets. Thus, in order to examine the Taeshil of King Jungjo comprehensively, first of all literary materials related to the construction of King Jungjo's Taeshil such as the Josunwangjosilrok - "Annals of the Choson Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄)". "Jungjongdaewang Taesilgabong Euigwe (正宗大王胎室加封儀軌) - Royal activities related to Taeshil, and local historic documents etc were searched and put together, while a focus was placed on examining the geographical location and state of the Taebong, including the specific style of each part of the Taeshil stone and characteristics of enshrined relics. Such materials are believed to have important utility in the future as a basic material to be used for research, maintenance, and restoration of Taeshil relics. So far, Taeshil relics is a field that has not been able to attract much attention from the academic world, however attention has begun to be paid to Taeshil relics due to recent archaeological excavations as well as an approach to artistic history. Academic research results are expected if Taeshil relics are able to be examined comprehensively in future covering various areas such as literature history, archaeology, and artistic history etc.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2013

Leakage of leachate from animal carcass disposal is a significant issue because disease can easily spread to humans and other livestock. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties of leachate and tested for the presence of aerobic bacteria in leachate using molecular biology methods, for 16 animal carcass disposals in the first stage (after burial for 5 months). Leachate physicochemical analysis revealed higher total coliforms, TOC, $NH^{4+}$, and $NO^{3-}$ concentrations compared with previously published data. In most leachate samples, the concentrations of $NH^{4+}$ and $NO^{3-}$ exceeded the Korean guideline values for drinking water. In 16S rRNA sequence analysis of the distribution of leachate under aerobic conditions, Bacillus pumilus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and B. sphaericus were observed with high frequency, whereas no food-poisoning-related bacteria such as B. cereus or Salmonella were detected. The present findings improve our knowledge of the transport of leachate from animal carcass disposal sites through geologic media, and are useful in risk analysis and for subsequent studies.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.8 no.1 s.11
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• pp.51-57
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• 1999

Although the mummies of Lee, Myeong-Jung and his wife whose family name is Moon, were buried in similar sites in 1560's, the degree of decay of the dead bodies and antiquities between two people were quite different. This study was focused on the cause of those differences in the view of engineering concept. Granular soil around the study site shows good drainage and such characteristic could be a factor of excellent conservation of dead body. From the physical characteristics of the material containing lime that is considered to be a barrier from water and air, it was observed that the material around dead body of the wife was more compact and denser than that of the husband. This may suggest that the former is better than the latter in keeping away from the water and air. To understand those differences of physical characteristics between two materials containing lime, minerals had to be identified from the two materials. It was revealed that material containing lime around dead body of the wife contains gypsum and more calcite, which could be the reason for better barrier Preventing from water and air than that around the husband.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.39-52
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• 2010

The royal tombs of the Joseon dynasty are very important cultural heritage with the palaces and Jongmyo. They being promoted as World Heritage of UNESCO and are archaeological sites that need to complex approach. The purpose of this study is to propose the restoration plan of Ureung Gunreung. The results are as follows: First. In the area of Ureung Gunreung, there are many land-use except the royal tombs such as a new town development site and industrial districts, cultural assets districts, They have to be removed and new routes have to be established same as the original form. Second The traditional trees such as a pine tree, a fir tree, a big cone pine and a rhododendron etc. have to be planted In the traditional forest We introduce upper trees and lower trees in the entrance part and religious service part, and pine tree forest in burial mound part and maintain the lawn. Third, The traditional buildings and facilities such as Jaesil, Subokbang have to be restored maintained, and we planed some convinient facilities and rest facilities for visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.86-97
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• 2010

The royal tombs of the Joseon dynasty are very important cultural heritage with the palaces and Jongmyo. They being promoted as World Heritage of UNESCO and are archaeological sites that need to complex approach. The purpose of this study is to propose the restoration plan of Gimpo Jangreung. The results are as follows: First, in the area of Gimpo Jangreung, there are many land-use except the royal tombs such as a military camp and industrial districts, Public Cemetery, they have to be removed and new routes have to be established same as the original form. Second, the traditional trees such as a pine tree, a fir tree, a big cone pine and a rhododendron etc. have to be planted in the traditional forest. We introduce upper trees and lower trees in the entrance part and religious service part, and pine tree forest in burial mound part and maintain the lawn. Third, the traditional buildings and facilities such as Hongsal-gate, Jaesil, Suragan, Subokbang and Uhjwong have to be restored maintained, and we planed some convinient facilities and rest facilities for visitors.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.68
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• pp.205-241
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• 2021

This article explores how to incorporate the topic of the global environmental crisis called the "anthropocene" into archives studies and connect it to ecological practical reasons. In order to encourage discussion of archival studies, which puts the environmental crisis at a kind of archive constant value, this study seeks to examine the possibility of a quality shift in archival studies based on ecology. This article aims to go beyond the pragmatism of preparing improvements to eco-friendly record management, which is recently claimed by the "Green Archive" in Western archival studies. It calls for a new concept called 'ecological archive', which theoretically combines a more archives-based and ecological paradigm, and its epistemological transformation. Specifically, the ecological approach of archives is first discovered in the discussion of archival studies and at the same time, through the "ecological turn" of archives emphasized by recent anthropocene discourses, the concept of "ecological archive" emphasized by this article is embodied. This study uses 'ecological archive' as a universal and theoretical framework for archives as a basic concept for building ecological 'living' archives. In other words, for the construction of ecological archives, we reinterpret and extend so-called democratic values for archives, i.e., post-custodianship, community archives, and archives of emotions. Finally, the records of foot-and-mouth disease killing burial sites, an important site and example of the anthropocene tragedy, exemplifies the methodology of the actual application of ecological living archives. The case analysis aims to seek a new qualitative shift in record management that adapts to global ecological transformation, while also emphasizing the documentation by archival activism in ecological field practices jointly organized by archivists and citizens.