• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2012

Since buried pipes contact the soil directly, corrosion by the soil could be occurred. Recently, some stainless steel pipes after 8 years burial at G area were corroded and leaked. In order to elucidate highly corroded phenomena(its rate was about 0.175 mm/y) of these pipes, the investigation for corrosion environment, soil, stray current's effect, and chemical analysis on the pipes were performed. Most of investigated sites were close to traditional water-closet and showed high moisture and thus those areas could be highly corrosive. In the investigation by two kinds of soil evaluation methods, it was revealed that the soils at G areas were highly corrosive, and moreover the contents of sulfate reducing bacteria in the soils were high. Also, open circuit potentials of many pipes showed different values and its potentials were high positive. Therefore, it was considered that corrosion of buried pipes at G area could be affected by high corrosive soil's environment and stray current corrosion.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2019

Busanjin Fortress was originally made of stone fortress for the Joseon Navy, which was located in Dongnae area in the late Joseon Dynasty. However, the Japanesque Castle of Busanjin in 1592 was built by the Japanese military during the Japanese Invasion of Korea. Since the Japanese military retreated, the Joseon Navy had renovated the fortress and had used it as a base for stationing, and it had been maintained in Busanjin Fortress until the Joseon Navy was disbanded in 1895. After the abolition of the Naval Force System, the space in Busanjin Fortress was dismantled, and the government facilities and their sites were not properly managed and repaired, eventually was sold to Japanese. As Busanjin Fortress failed to function properly, the coastal space in Busanjin became a burial ground after being reclaimed by Japanese with real estate investment in mind. Today, the traces of Busanjin Fortress have been removed by the reclamation work, and only the remains of some stone pillars remain under the name of Jaseongdae(子城臺). Thus, the old custom as the Naval base disappeared, leaving only the image of Japanesque Castle.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

At the end of November 2010, livestock infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) were buried, increasing concern about secondary pollution of drinking water and groundwater with odor. Hence, measures to reduce pollution of drinking water and groundwater are needed. In this study, based on livestock type and soil texture, five pilot-scale burial sites were monitored for the past three years from Feb 2012 to 2015. Leachate from the site was analyzed for 90 compounds. A detailed investigation has been completed, looking into organic matter decomposition characteristics of the buried bodies, relevant trace elements thereof, and in particular metabolite concentration changes such as the degree of decomposition of a carcass. From the results, no detectable heavy metals, including cadmium and arsenic, were measured. Among animal types, the rate of cattle decomposition is faster than swine decomposition, and the decomposition of the bodies were performed in sequence from sand, clay loam, sandy loam.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.861-866
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation of dissolved organic matter derived from animal carcass disposal soil using soil inhabited bacteria and to identify the bacteria involved in the biodegradation. The two soils were obtained from the animal carcass burial sites located in Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The results indicated that during the biodegradation experiments (56 days), 48% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mineralized within 13 days in soil-derived solution 1 (initial DOC = 19.88 mgC/L), and the DOC concentration at 56 days was $8.8{\pm}0.4$ mg C/L, indicating 56% mineralization of DOC. In soil-derived solution 2 (initial DOC = 19.80 mgC/L), DOC was mineralized drastically within 13 days, and the DOC concentration was decreased to $6.0{\pm}0.4$ mg C/L at 56 days (76% mineralization of DOC). Unlike DOC value, the specific UV absorbance ($SUVA_{254}$) value, an indicator of proportion of aromatic structures in total organic carbon, tended to increase until 21 days and then decreased thereafter. The $SUVA_{254}$ values in soil-derived solutions 1 and 2 were the highest at 21 days. The microbial analysis demonstrated that Pseudomonas fluorescens, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Nocardioides simplex, Pseudomonas mandelii, Bosea sp. were detected at 14 days of incubation, whereas Pseudomonas veronii appeared as a dominant species at 56 days.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.58-69
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to present specific standards for landscape planning and construction applicable to landscaping areas in various historical sites. The results are as follows: First, the types of historical sites are classified according to their preservation status and processing techniques, and the classification according to their status is divided into those that have been buried underground, such as those that have been exposed to the ground, such as buildings and structures, and those that have a reputation or a record of the sites. The classification according to the wartime processing technique was classified by such techniques as closures that isolate the site, penetration that can be seen on the site, and overlays where a separate protection facility is installed on the site. Second, the principles of landscape planning for display of historical sites are divided into the items that make up the historical site, surface treatment of the sites, tree planting, and installation of facilities. If the site is not a circular space, the area separating the space by different materials between the components is required. In the event that preservation of the historical site is required, it is deemed desirable to use the soil, and to do so, the use of grasses and shrubs is effectively considered to be effective. The introduction of plants and plants should be considered according to the nature of the space. Depending on the area and nature of the monument, the facility is required to take a cautious approach by reviewing its influence on the landscape and the additional excavation of the monument. Third, the readjustment method derived as a result of looking at the landscaping principle in the historical site space was classified as conservation of status, installation of protection facilities, burial, restoration, relocation, and reproduction. Preservation of the status quo is essential for limited landscape planning and should not affect the prototype of existing relics. The protection facility shall be installed where necessary to protect the relics, and when the soil is formed, the surface treatment shall be required to remove trees that could damage the site and prevent soil and soil oil from being lost after the site. The restoration shall establish a landscaping plan according to the circular preservation based on the clues to the circle. The transfer requires a landscaping plan to create an environment similar to the outer space of an existing site and should be able to highlight the value or location of the original site. The reenactment should have a landscaping plan to revive the landscape and atmosphere of the past for the now-defunct remains. Fourth, landscaping can simultaneously satisfy the preservation of excavation sites and the increase in exhibition effects. In order to protect the traces of the past and vitalize the site of the ruins today, specific measures are required, the creation of a park for historical sites that preserve the functions and value of the relics, and the formation of a shape of linked contents can be suggested as alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.6-22
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• 2022

In this paper classifies the types of 228 anchor stones discharged from the west and south coasts, assumes a combined method by type, routes through discharge locations, and It attempted to estimate the burial site. Prior to classification of types, the weight, thickness, width, and length of the anchor stone were measured, and the largest Young in the tomb The scent weight was classified into I~V groups, and the shape of the anchor stone was classified into 1-6 types. All of these weight and shape correlations It was classified into 17 types. The combined method by type is 180kg or less depending on the morphological characteristics of the reference value of the extracted anchor stone, and the type An anchor of type 1 or 2 is used in combination with an anchor, and a anchor of type 3 or 6 weighs more than 180kg and is combined with an anchor The dragon was assumed to be an anchor. Along with this, the route and burial site are identified through past records and testimony of local residents It was checked against the data. The route was largely consistent with past records, but the new route was apparent in waters near the island or inland It was also drawn. In the case of burial sites, small and large in Taean Mado Sea and Jindo Byeokpajin Sea, where anchor stones are concentrated, Considering the pattern of the type anchor stones being discharged, it was consistent with the testimony that ships of various sizes were mysterious in the two seas. Based on this type classification, a study on the spatiality of the anchors was conducted. First, a comparison and analysis was done on whether actual real data, such as anchor stones, old ships, and relics, were identified on the Joun-ro route and international trade routes as recorded in the past literature. Where there was no record, the route was estimated based on real data. To this end, routes estimated based on the testimony of local residents and modern ship workers were analyzed as to whether ships traveled there in the past and whether they could actually sail. Next, the location of each seedling was estimated by ship size according to the weight of the anchor stone. In the case of the Taean Mado Sea and Jindo Byeokpajin Sea, both small and large anchor stones were discharged from the coastline and were far away.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2015

Studies to estimate seed longevity and dormancy of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) were conducted from 2000 to 2005 at Corvallis and Hermiston, Oregon. Seeds from three transgenic glyphosate resistant creeping bentgrass lines, 48-10, 48-13, and ASR368, and one non-transgenic glyphosate susceptible line, SR1020, were used. Creeping bentgrass seeds were buried at 3, 18 and 31 cm in 2000 and removed 6, 12, 18, 24, and 51 months later. Soil type and climatic conditions were different at the two locations. At Corvallis, the soil was a Malabon silty clay loam, and the winters wet and mild. The soil at Hermiston was an Adkins fine sandy loam, and winters drier and colder. Seeds of all creeping bentgrass lines deteriorated faster at Corvallis than at Hermiston. The estimated half-lives of creeping bentgrass lines buried at Corvallis were 8.4 to 20.2 months, while those buried at Hermiston were 8.4 to 37.7 months. At both sites, seeds of the glyphosate resistant lines, 48-10 and 48-13, deteriorated faster than the susceptible line, SR1020. However, seed deterioration in the resistant line, ASR368, was slower than all other creeping bentgrass lines. Based on the germination test, exhumed intact seeds at Corvallis were more dormant than those at Hermiston. If buried, it could be expected that viable creeping bentgrass seeds will persist more than 4 years after the seeds are introduced to a site, but environmental conditions can influence both seed longevity and dormancy.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2020

In the study, we show the six metropolitan cities, Incheon Metropolitan City had the highest annual average rate(3.2%) of the death toll, from 2011 to 2018, and the overall annual average rise rate was 2.6%. Also, the annual average rise rate of the number of cremators using E-Haneul funeral information system, Gwangju Metropolitan City had the highest rate(7.6%) and the overall annual average rise rate was 5.6%. The annual average rise rate of the cremation rate, Gwangju Metropolitan City had the highest rate(2.8%) and the overall annual average rise rate was 1.9%. Focusing on the actual state shown in the results of this study above, the policy measures for improving the efficiency of supply & demand policy of funeral facilities in six metropolitan cities in the whole nation could be suggested as follows. First, expanding the supply of cremation facilitiesin consideration of the installation period of cremation facilities. Second, given the increase in the number of cremators using E-Haneul Funeral Information System, it is necessary to expand the infrastructure for meeting the demand of using funeral facilities, such as enshrinement facilities of ash and natural burial sites. Third, in such metropolitan cities, it is difficult to resolve a conflict of location with local residents who recognize cremation facilities as unpleasant facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to devise and implement a plan for improving local residents awareness of cremation facilities and resolving the conflict of location in diversified ways. Fourth, it is predicated that Busan and Daegu Metropolitan City will face a lack of supply of cremation facilities in a short time due to the increased demand for them. Therefore, in order to meet the demand for cremation, it is necessary to construct more cremation furnaces in current cremation facilities or to jointly use and expand cremation facilities with their neighboring local government.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

Research should explore techniques that will allow disposal of the dead to help the living by providing public space, protecting the environment, and contributing to economic development. Its design might bring a cemetery back into community life and make a present of a park. This new design for a cemetery can provide a structural solution for limited burial sites on the metropolitan area of Korea. It is based on the shared sense of a cemetery, a joint ownership or co-ownership of the space of a cemetery. FBS model by Gero[1] is used for engineering a cemetery design development. This framework contains a dynamic character of the context where such design takes place among its function, behavior and structure. This study suggests a new cemetery concept rather than a simple civil engineering work for a cemetery. It aims for people to have a new perspective on a cemetery and contribute to the society through an eco-friendly business model, so FBS may be an adequate model for such design. It can be one of the innovative business models and designs for engineering cemeteries, implementing sustainable environment and changing the design from a cemetery to a natural park.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

This study investigates the crystallinity distribution of ancient silk. Owing to the inherent multi-hierarchical structure of silk protein and the complicated structural changes that occur due to various burial environments, it is challenging but worthwhile to study ancient silk ageing behavior, which is based on the fact that ageing begins with a single fiber and then spreads to a whole fabric. Crystallinity was one of the most effective indicators found to reveal the ageing status of silk. Therefore, a synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction(SR-XRD) method was employed to study the crystallinity distribution of single fibers of ancient silk unearthed from seven archaeological sites in China from historical periods including the warring states, Han dynasty, Song dynasty, and Ming dynasty. In comparison, the conventional X-ray diffraction method, which uses large amounts of samples, was also performed to determine the integral crystallinity of ancient silk. Thermal stability experiments by thermogravimetry(TG) as well as morphology observations by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and optical microscopy(OM) all confirmed the deterioration of ancient silk. Moreover, the ageing mechanism of ancient silk was proposed with the assistance of an artificial ageing study. The results confirmed the effectiveness of SR-XRD as an ageing indicator, revealing the crystallinity distribution. This research could provide motivation to determine the deterioration status of ancient silk, and would also aid in explaining the fragility of ancient silk due to ageing.