• 지능정보연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.39-57
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• 2004

우유생산 농가에서는 그들 젖소의 우유를 저장하는 탱크 (bulk tank milk: BTM)로부터 채취된 샘플로부터 분석된 우유에 대한 품질관련 항목들, 즉 체세포 수 (somatic cell count: SCC), 표준 plate count (standard plate count: SPC), 사전 incubation count (preliminary incubation count: PIC) 등에 관한 정보를 정기적으로 제공 받는다. 이러한 정보는 일정기간 쌓이게 되면 우유의 품질을 유지하고 목장을 관리할 수 있는 중요한 지식 베이스가 될 수 있다. 그러나 우유 품질이나 목장의 관리상태를 평가하는 기준은 모호하고 퍼지한 용어로 많이 표현되고 있다. 즉 우유 품질을 최상급, 상급, 중간, 불량으로 표시하거나 목장의 관리상태를 아주 양호, 양호, 미흡 등으로 표시한다. 이러한 서술방식은 퍼지이론에서의 모호한 상태를 표현하는 기준과 많이 부합되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 BTM으로부터 추출한 샘플로부터 미생물학적 분석을 통해서 나온 결과를 이용해서 BTM의 품질과 목장의 관리상태에 대하여 추론하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 따라서 퍼지추론엔진에 기초하여 퍼지로직 기반의 추론방법을 개발하고 실제 데이터를 이용해서 평가하였다. 입력 데이터로는 Bulk Tank SCC, SPC, PIC, laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), non agalactiae Streptococci, Streptococci like organisms, Staphylococcus aureus등이다. 이러한 입력자료에 근거하여 BTM의 품질상태를 아주 양호, 양호, cooling문제, 청결문제, 환경적 mastitis, 환경적/청결 복합문제로 분류하고, 낙농가로부터 채취한 실제 데이터를 이용하여 추론하였다. 본 퍼지 추론 결과는 낙농생산자, 컨설턴트, 수의사 등 관련 종사자들에게 의사결정을 위한 참고자료로서 활용이 가능하다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2019

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in bulk-tank milk and cattle in Daegu area was analyzed from 2017 to 2018 by ELISA. The prevalence of antibodies in collected bulk-tank milk from 12 dairy cattle farms was 41.7% (10/24) and the seroprevalence of 249 cows reared in the area of Daegu was 3.2% (8/249) By age, the seroprevalence was 1.9% (2/105) in less than 2 years of age, 4.2% (5/119) between 3 and 5 years of age and 4.0% (1/25) in more than 6 years of age. By breed, the seroprevalence of the Hanwoo cattle was 1.2% (2/162) and the seroprevalence of the dairy cattle was 6.9% (6/87). The result suggested that seroprevalence of C. burnetii was relatively high in both bulk-tank milk samples and dairy cattle than the Hanwoo cattle. Based on these data, it is necessary to keep monitoring the prevalence of Q fever in Daegu area.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.274-277
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• 2016

To determine the concentrations of commercial milks and the effect of different teat dipping methods on iodine concentrations of bulk tank milk, iodine concentration was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The 59 bulk tank milk samples were collected. The 8 brands of commercial whole milk and 5 brands of commercial organic milk were purchased. The iodine concentrations of bulk tank milks of 59 dairy farms were in the range from 42.7 to $562.5{\mu}g/L$. The iodine levels of 4 different teat dipping methods with pre-dipping, post-dipping, pre & post-dipping, and non-dipping were $138.9{\pm}41.1$, $200.6{\pm}106.9$, $205.1{\pm}93.2$, and $110.9{\pm}70.4{\mu}g/L$, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed among 4 different teat dipping methods. Iodine concentrations of commercial whole milks were in the range from 149.1 to $210.4(178.8{\pm}22.0){\mu}g/L$, and iodine concentrations of commercial organic milks were in the range from 85.0 to $356.9(214.2{\pm}123.3){\mu}g/L$. Iodine concentrations of commercial milk in Korea are relatively low comparing with those of other countries.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2019

Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetti that is important not only for livestock but also for humans. This research aims to investigate infection rate of Q fever by examining the prevalence of antibody titers in cattle in Sejong City. From March to October 2018, 505 samples of Hanwoo serum and 47 samples of bulk-tank milk were collected and analyzed using ELISA. According to the result, 25 (53.2%) out of 47 bulk-tank milk samples were antibody positive and 28 (5.5%) out of 505 cows were antibody positive. The seroprevalence of C. burnetii increased with age (<1 y=0%, 1~2 y=4.1%, 3~5 y=7.5%, ≥6 y=9.6%) and was higher in females (6.5%) compared to males (0%).

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.11
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• 2022

Background: Escherichia coli, which causes subclinical or clinical mastitis in cattle, is responsible for transmitting antimicrobial resistance via human consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of 183 E. coli from bulk tank milk of five different dairy factories in Korea. Methods: The molecular characteristics of E. coli such as serogroup, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and integron genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction and antimicrobial susceptibility were tested using the disk diffusion test. Results: In the distribution of phylogenetic groups, group D was the most prevalent (59.6%) and followed by group B1 (25.1%). The most predominant serogroup was O173 (15.3%), and a total of 46 different serotypes were detected. The virulence gene found most often was fimH (73.2%), and stx1, fimH, incC, fyuA, and iutA genes were significantly higher in isolates of phylogenetic group B1 compared to phylogenetic groups A, B2, and D (p < 0.05). Among 64 E. coli isolates that showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, the highest resistance rate was observed for tetracyclines (37.5%). All 18 integron-positive E. coli carried the integron class I (int1) gene, and three different gene cassette arrangements, dfrA12+aadA2 (2 isolates), aac(6')-Ib3+aac(6')-Ib-cr+aadA4 (2 isolates), and dfrA17+aadA5 (1 isolate) were detected. Conclusions: These data suggest that the E. coli from bulk tank milk can be an indicator for dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors via cross-contamination.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.227-230
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• 2016

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. This is the first large scale report to estimate the herd-level prevalence of antibodies against MAP by using an ELISA to detect antibodies in bulk tank milk (BTM) samples. The samples were collected from January 2011 to November 2011, from 636 herds of the dairy farms in the Gyeonggi and Chungbuk areas of Korea. The overall apparent prevalence of MAP antibody-positive herds was 8.5%, and regional prevalence were 32/440 (7.3%) and 22/196 (11.2%) of dairy farms in the Gyeonggi and Chungbuk areas, respectively. The results did not differ significantly by region. While we have determined the prevalence rate of MAP in the Gyenoggi and Chungbuk areas in this study, there is a continuing need for well-designed studies to calculate the prevalence of MAP in dairy herds based on culture and molecular findings.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2013

Q fever is a rickettsial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii that is transmitted from animals to humans. Modes of transmission to humans include inhalation, tick bites and ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products. This survey was aimed at monitoring the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in bulk-tank milk (BTM) in Gyeongbuk province. In addition, the seroprevalence of C. burnetii was investigated at the herd level of dairy cattle in eastern Gyeongbuk province in which many dairy cattle are reared. Among 324 BTM samples collected from 20 country areas, 175 (54%) BTM samples from 15 (75%) country areas were positive for C. burnetii by ELISA. By regions, the seroprevalence of BTM samples in eastern, central, western and northern areas of Gyeongbuk province were 62.7%, 48.4%, 45.1%, and 41.4%, respectively. When analyzed in the dairy cattle reared in the eastern area where high seroprevalence occurred in BTM samples, 119 (24.2%) out of 492 dairy cattle were positive for C. burnetii. Seroprevalence of C. burnetii in dairy cattle was increased with daily milk yield of farm (P<0.05) and age (P<0.001). Since seroprevalence of C. burnetii is relatively high in both BTM samples and dairy cattle reared in Gyeongbuk province, further studies on the high risk farms and herds are needed to evaluate infection status and appropriate control programs in this region.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권7호
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• pp.24.1-24.7
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• 2016

Background: Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite with high adsorption capacity for polar mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The efficacy of clinoptilolite in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis has been proven in monogastric animals, but there is no such evidence for ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, whether the dietary administration of clinoptilolite in dairy cows could reduce the concentration of aflatoxin M1 ($AFM_1$) in bulk-tank milk, in farms with higher than or close to $0.05{\mu}g/kg$ of milk (European maximum allowed residual level). An objective of the present study was also to investigate the effect of particle size of clinoptilolite on aflatoxin binding. Methods: Fifteen commercial Greek dairy herds with AFM1 concentrations in bulk tank milk ${\geq}0.05{\mu}g/kg$ were selected. Bulk tank milk AFM1 was determined prior to the onset and on day 7 of the experiment. Clinoptilolite was added in the total mixed rations of all farms at the rate of 200 g per animal per day, throughout this period. Two different particle sizes of clinoptilolite were used; less than 0.15 mm in 9 farms (LC group) and less than 0.8 mm in 6 farms (HC group). Results: Clinoptilolite administration significantly reduced $AFM_1$ concentrations in milk in all farms tested at an average rate of 56.2 % (SD: 15.11). The mean milk $AFM_1$ concentration recorded on Day 7 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to that of Day 0 ($0.036{\pm}0.0061$ vs. $0.078{\pm}0.0074{\mu}g/kg$). In LC group farms the reduction of milk $AFM_1$ concentration was significantly higher than HC group farms ($0.046{\pm}0.0074$ vs. $0.036{\pm}0.0061{\mu}g/kg$, P = 0.002). As indicated by the Pearson correlation, there was a significant and strong linear correlation among the milk $AFM_1$ concentrations on Days 0 and 7 (R = 0.95, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dietary administration of clinoptilolite, especially of smallest particle size, at the rate of 200 g per cow per day can effectively reduce milk $AFM_1$ concentration in dairy cattle and can be used as a preventive measure for the amelioration of the risks associated with the presence of aflatoxins in the milk of dairy cows.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 2021

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle and goats from southern region of Korea was analyzed. From January to December 2020, 1,409 samples of bulk-tank milk, cattle serum and goat serum were collected and analyzed using ELISA. The prevalence of antibodies in collected was 72.6% (501/682), 4.1% (21/515) and 10.4% (22/212). By age, the seroprevalence of cattle was 2.4%, 4.1%, 5.3% (<2 years, 2~5 years, ≥6 years). In bulk-tank milk of dairy cattle according to region was Gyeongnam 45.5%, Gyeongbuk 77.5%, Daegu 70.0%, Jeonnam 50.0% and Chungbuk 50.0%. And seroprevalence of goats was 10.4% (22/212).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.645-652
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate Mycoplasma (M) spp. infection status of dairy cow in South Korea. Among 8,485 bulk tank milk collected from dairy farms of the 5 areas, 26 samples (0.30%) were positive for Mycoplasma by direct culture method. The isolation rates of Mycoplasma spp. according to the areas were 0.51% in Kyonggi, 0.16% in Cholla, 0.23% in Gyoungsang, 0.12% in Chungchong, and 0.08% in Kangwon. In the species identification test by indirect immunoperoxidase test, 16 out of 26 isolates were identified as M bovis (61.53%), M bovigenitalium (23.07%), M californicum (7.69%), M alkalescens and Acholeplasma laidlawii (3.84%), respectively. The isolation rate of Mycoplasma spp. from 208 quarter milk samples in culling cows due to severe clinical mastitis was 3.0%. These Mycoplasma spp. were identified as M bovis (62.0%), M bovigenitalium (12.0%), M californicaum (12.0%), and M alkalescens (12.0%). This study shows that the bovine mammary gland infected by Mycoplasma spp. is present in some dairy farms and the routine culture test of bulk tank milk samples for Mycoplasma is needed for a high quality milk promotion services.