• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.233-250
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• 2018

Back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections are used in cold-formed steel structures; such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames. In such built-up columns, intermediate fasteners resist the buckling of individual channel-sections. No experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections and specially investigated the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of such columns. The issue is addressed in this paper. The results of 95 finite element analyses are presented covering stub to slender columns. The finite element model is validated against the experimental tests recently conducted by authors for back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel lipped channel sections. The verified finite element model is then used for the purposes of a parametric study to investigate the effect of screw spacing on axial strength of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections. Results are compared against the built-up lipped channel sections and it is shown that the axial strength of un-lipped built-up sections are 31% lesser on average than the built-up lipped channel sections. It was also found that the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand Standards were over-conservative by around 15% for built-up columns failed through overall buckling, however AISI and AS/NZS were un-conservative by around 8% for built-up columns mainly failed by local buckling.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

The regeneration of built-up areas is considered as one of the necessary measures for the effectiveness of urban growth management. In this vein, this study explores how to limit the number of people who leaves the built-up areas and to restore the area with the resident. For this, a residential area of the built-up area is analyzed in terms of why people in that area are moving out of the area and who fills in it after all. This study founds that narrow roads in a residential area and the changes in land use from residential purposes to commercial are major forces that push the people in the built-up area. In addition, the lack of welfare facilities, the pavement of roads, and pedestrian roads. education. crime. the lack of interaction between neighbors, and the quality of housing are all emerged contributing the loss of people in the built-up areas. It is recommended that all the factors here should be restored in an appropriate way. Another finding is that those who fill in the built-up area are largely over 50, self-employed, comparably wealthy, and having their own families. Hence, it is advised that the built-up area would be rearranged in order to attract those type of people in there.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.16 no.3 s.96
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• pp.18-24
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• 1999

ThisPaper investigates the feasibility of using acoustic emission signal analysis for the detection of built-up edge during machining. Experiments were conducted on a CNC-lathe using conventional carbide insert tools under various cutting conditions. The cutting forces were also measured for comparisons. Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that the presence of a built-up edge can significantly affect the generation of acoustic emission in metal cutting. It is shown that under conditions in which a built-up edge is generated, the variation of $AE_{rms}$ signal with cutting speed can be quite different from the generally accepted linear, monotonic increase as previously reported. The feasibility of utilizing $AE_{rms}$ in built-up edge sensing is suggested.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-66
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• 2019

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels as compression members are becoming increasingly popular. The advantages of using stainless-steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. The AISI/ASCE Standard, SEI/ASCE-8-02 and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to back cold-formed stainless-steel channels. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (gAS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections only describe a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. Thus, this paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404 have been considered. Effect of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up channels was investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns, failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines by AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 finite element models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI & AS/NZS are conservative by around 10 to 20% for cold-formed stainless-steel built-up lipped channels failed through overall buckling, irrespective of the stainless-steel grades. However, the AISI and AS/NZS can be un-conservative by around 6% for all three grades of stainless-steel built-up channels, which failed by local buckling.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.74 no.3
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• pp.381-394
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• 2020

The structural performance of cold-formed steel (CFS) built-up battened columns were numerically investigated in this paper. The built-up column sections were formed by connecting two-lipped channels back-to-back, with a regular spacing of battens plates, and have been investigated in the current study. Finite element models were validated with the test results reported by the authors in the companion paper. Using the validated models, the parametric study was extended, covering a wider range of overall slenderness to assess the accuracy of the current design rules in predicting the design strengths of the CFS built-up battened columns. The parameters viz., overall slenderness, different geometries, plate slenderness (b/t ratio) and yield stress were considered for this study. In total, a total of 228 finite element models were analyzed and the results obtained were compared with current design strength predicted by Effective Width Method of AISI Specifications (AISI S100:2016) and European specifications (EN1993-1-3:2006). The parametric study results indicated that the current design rules are limited in predicting the accuracy of the design strengths of CFS built-up battened columns. Therefore, a design equation was proposed for the AISI and EC3 specifications to predict the reliable design strength of the CFS Built-up battened columns and was also verified by the reliability analysis.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2001

Root gap out of standard by welding deformation is frequently produced at butt weld joints of steel bridge. For example although standard root gap is below 6mm at butt weld joints of plates under 15mm thickness. maximum 35mm root opening is produced at the weld field. At this case, the part out of standard is generally built up and the rest part is welded by WPS. Direct welding without built-up welding is preferred in weld field because built-up welding process bring about the cost-up at manufacturing. To apply this direct weld to root gap out of standard, the investigation about mechanical properties and fatigue at weldment is required. Inthisstudy, therefore the verification for direct weld without built up is performed at weldment as root gap. It includes tension, bending. hardness, impact and fatigue test for each welding specimen of 6mm, 25mm, 35mm root gap.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.259-264
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• 1995

Recently, in order to achieve high flexibilty, monitoring and control strategies of a new type have been developed. This paper investigates the fesability of using scoustic emission signal analysis for the detection of built-up edge during machining. Results for maching SM45C steel show that the presence of a built-up edge can significantil affect the generation of acoustic emission in metal cutting. When the cutting speed comes to the conditions conducive to development of built-up edge, it is shown that the slope of curve-fitted AErms signal undergoes a change. The fesability of utilizing AErms in built-up edge sensing is sugested.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1451-1464
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• 2015

Recently, in recognition of their outstanding structural performance, the use of Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFT) columns has been increased. New shape welded built-up square tube was developed by the authors for broader usability using thin steel plates which were bent to be L-shaped (Channel) and each unit members were welded to form square steel tube as an cost-efficient use of expensive steel. In addition, since the rib placed at the center of the tube width acts as an anchor; higher load capacity of buckling is achievable. In order to apply the new shape built-up square columns, the structural behavior and stress distribution with parameter width of thickness (b/t), with and without rib were predicted. The New shape welded built-up square tube effectively delayed the local buckling of the steel tube, which led to a greater strength and ductility than regular HSS.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.443-460
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• 2008

The aim of this paper is to propose a design procedure for predicting the buckling strength of built-up, cold-formed steel columns based on the two well known methods; the effective width method and the Direct Strength Method. Several design approaches, based on different elastic buckling solutions, were considered in this investigation. Traditional hand methods, without interaction effects between the different modes, and a new numerical spline finite strip method were used to predict the buckling stresses. All of the proposed methods were compared with experimental data on plain and lipped, built-up columns. Results have shown that the effective width approaches are more accurate than the Direct Strength Method. However, both methods can be investigated using more experimental data to assess a practical design method for built-up columns.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.200-205
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• 1996

Recently, in order to achieve high flexibility of manufacture, monitoring and control strategies cf a new type have been developed. Since the generation of built-up edge on the cutting tool damages the surface finish of the workpiece, the monitoring system of built-up edge is an important process monitoring. In this study, the analyzing methods of cutting force signal to detect the built-up edge during cutting process are described. The cutting force signals are analyzed using the mean, standard deviation and mean to standard deviation of this cutting signals. We can obtain the guide to detect the built-up edge during turning process.