• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.29-31
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• 2005

Antimicrobial activities of extracts of Forsythia suspensa fruits and Dendranthema indicum buds and flowers against bacteria; Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, and fungi; Aspergillus flavusn, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, were investigated. The plants were extracted with 70% ethanol and the extracts were used for antimicrobial activity assay. All extracts exhibited significant inhibition activity against microorganisms at concentrations ranged from 1.66 to $100\;{\mu}l/ml$. The inhibition activity by the extract of D. indicum buds was stronger than by the extract of F. suspensa fruits and D. indicum flowers. D. indicum buds showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus which was comparable to other medicinal plants. F. suspensa fruits and D. indicum flowers was suggested to be valuable sources as antimicrobial ingredients in food industry.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-332
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• 2011

After preparation of acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts (10 g/300 mL) of dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) flower-buds, total phenolic contents (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) RSA, reducing power (RP), and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the extracts were evaluated. The methanol extracts produced the highest TPC (113.39 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), DPPH RSA ($IC_{50}=40.25\;{\mu}g/mL$), ABTS RSA ($IC_{50}=58.17\;{\mu}g/mL$) and RP ($IC_{50}=69.43\;{\mu}g/mL$) activities while the water extracts generated the lowest values. The ethanol extract showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitor activity (88.90%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. These results indicated that persimmon flower-buds may be a useful source of natural antioxidants.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1993

Comparative morphology of winter buds of 16 species of gymnosperms which belong to six families and 13 genera was investigated. All the species examined except Taxaceae had bracts and ovuliferous scales in female buds, and the bract was fused with ovuliferous scale in various degrees. Comparison of the modern conifers with fossil ones in the position of ovule and structure of bract-scale complex suggested that Taxaceae should be placed in Coniferales, rather than treating as a distinct order. The disposition of bract surrounding the ovules of Cephalotaxus and Torreya indicated that the origin, of ovules had separate evolutionary line in spite of similar structure of female bud. The shape of microsporophyll in male bud was diverse among the species. The dehiscence of microsporangium was transverse in Abies and Tsuga, while longitudinal in other species. Descriptions and key to the species based on bud morphology were provided.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: The buds of persimmon trees are susceptible to cold damage, often with the late frost, at the time of budburst. This study was conducted to determine effect of the cold damage on shoot and fruit growth the current season. METHODS AND RESULTS: 'Fuyu' trees, grown in 50-L pots, were placed for 1 h at $-2.2{\pm}0.5$, $-2.6{\pm}0.5$, or $-3.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ within a cold storage, at their budburst on April 5. Some trees under ambient temperature at $10-17^{\circ}C$ served as the control. Cold damage of the buds containing flower buds was 54% at $-2.2^{\circ}C$, and significantly increased to 95% at $-3.0^{\circ}C$. The bud damage included the complete death of all, complete death of main buds only, or the late and deformed shoot growth in the spring. Number of flower buds in early May dramatically decreased as the damage ratio increased. Since the thinning of flower buds in mid-May and fruitlets in early July was done in no or slightly damaged trees, the final number of fruits and yield did not decrease compared with the control when the damage increased by 60% and 70%, respectively. Average fruit weight and skin coloration tended to be better with increasing bud damage. Shoot growth was more vigorous in those trees whose buds were severely damaged by low temperature. CONCLUSION(S): Shoot growth and the yield may depend on the number of flower buds and percent fruit set after the cold damage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.4
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• pp.522-526
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• 2000

We tried to mass-propagate Prunus yedoensis from Jeju through tissue culture. We investigated the effect of bud collection time, the concentration of $NH_4NO_3$ in media and plant growth regulators(BAP, $GA_3$ and IBA) on the differentiation of winter buds. Buds, taken in February, flushed well regardless of various in vitro conditions. Bud flushing rate was significantly different depending on the collection time. BAP appeared to be effective on bud flushing. Sixty percent of buds taken in October flushed on the media containing $3.0mg/{\ell}$ BAR. No buds flushed on the medium supplemented with IBA. Buds, after flushing in BAP media, grew as foliated shoots and showed a rosette of leaves. When $GA_3$ supplemented to the BAP-containing media as a higher concentration than that of BAP, shoots elongated and developed into normal shoots. The combination of BAP $1.0mg/{\ell}$ and $GA_3$ $2.0mg/{\ell}$ is most recommendable for shoot elongation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.242-246
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• 2006

This study was showed into the pollen development with in vivo by bud size and genotype. Microspores of buds from 2.0 mm to 2.5 mm of all genotypes were composed of mainly tetrad cells and early uninucleate stage cells. Microspores derived from buds of 2.5-3.0 mm were exposed cells of early uninucleate, middle uninucleate, and late uninucleate. Microspores from buds of 3.0-3.5 mm contained mostly late uninucleate stage cells and showed some early binucleate stage cells. Microspores of buds with 3.5-4.0 mm in length were composed of mainly binucleate stage cells and decreased late uninucleate stage cells. Microspore with more than 4.0 mm were entered into binucleate stage cells of divided generative nucleus and vegetative nucleus. In 'Tamlayuchae', microspores derived from buds of 3.5-4.0 mm were observed cells of late uninucleate stage and early binucleate stage because of late microspore development. In MS-maintainer, the spring type, microspore derived from buds of 2.5-3.0 mm were observed tetrad stage cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 1999

Adventitious buds were produced from the cultures of mature zygotic embryos of Larix leptolepis with the highest frequency of 91.7% in SH medium containing 1.0 mg/L zeatin. The most effective cytokinin combination for inducing adventitious buds was 1.0 mg/L zeatin + 1.0 mg/L thidiazuron (40.3%). The highest mean number of adventitious buds induced in 1.0 mg/L zeatin + 1.0 mg/L 2iP or 1.0 mg/L zeatin + 1.0 mg/L kinetin combined treatments. Elongation of the adventitious buds occurred the best on half strength LM salts medium, on which the buds elongated upto 27 mm. Also, the supplement of activated charcoal in medium suppressed the elongation of the adventitious buds. The highest frequency (23.3%) of rooting from elongated shoots was obtained on the medium containing 5.0 mg/L IBA and 0.2 mg/L NAA. The highest number (3.5) of roots was induced on the medium containing 5.0 mg/L IBA alone.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to determine the proper time for flower bud removing to improve growth, yield and paeoniflorin content of root in peony(Paeonia lactiflora Pallas). The flower buds removement caused short stem length by $7{\sim}9cm$ compared with control, but number of stem and stem diameter were similar to that of control. The number of root, fresh root weight and paeoniflorin content in peony increased when their flower buds were removed at earlier stages. The root dry weight was highest of 1.647kg/10a, and increased by 27% compared with control when their flower buds were removed at early stage (bud diameter was less than 10mm). The root dry weight increased by 13% and 10%, respectively. when their flower buds were removed prior to flowering and at flowering stage. Paeoniflorin content in leaf was higher than that in stem, and was higher at early stage. Leaf and stem showed higher paeonif1orin content when their flower buds were removed.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

A simple and reliable cryo technique using desiccation and slow freezing of winter dormant buds was employed for 238 core collection of mulberry germplasm collected from diverse geographical regions and maintained under tropical conditions in the ex situ field gene bank to develop long-term biodiversity conservation for ensuring sustainable utilization of these valuable resources. Desiccation and freezing tolerance of bud grafts and excised shoot apices in the axillary buds of different Morus species under in vivo and in vitro condition indicated species-specific variation and most of the wild Morus species were found sensitive. In vitro regeneration and cryopreservation($-196^{\circ}C$) protocols using differentiated bud meristem like axillary winter dormant buds were worked out for a wide range of Morus species, land races, wild and cultivated varieties. Successful cryopreservation of mulberry winter dormant buds of different accessions belonging to M. indica, M. alba, M. latifolia, M. cathayana, M. laevigata, M. nigra, M. australis, M. bombycis, M. sinensis, M multicaulis and M. rotundiloba was achieved. Among wild species Morus tiliaefolia, and M. serrata showed moderate recovery after cryopreservation. Survival rates did not alter after three years of cryopreservation of different Morus species. ISSR markers were used to ascertain the genetic stability of cryopreserved mulberry, which showed no difference detected among the plantlets regenerated from frozen apices in comparison to the non-frozen material.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.273-276
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• 1995

In vitro propagation of Neoregeria carorinae 'Tricolor' was achieved by using immature flowers and lateral buds, and the plantlets from tissue culture were transplanted and cultivated in greenhouse. The picking times of explants to decrease disappearance of stripes, and in vivo the growth and flowering of regenerated plantlets as influenced by in vivo healed nun were investigated. The normal plantlet were obtained at a frequency of 67%, in the culture of immature flowers picked at 4 weeks after flower bud differentiation, while all leaf stripes disappeared in the culture of immature flowers picked 1 and 5 weeks after flower bud differentiation. In vivo growth of plantlet from immature flower buds was better than those from lateral buds, and the flowering of 27.8% showed in the greenhouse culture of plantlet from immature culture, but the plantlets from lateral buds did not flower at all. The plantlets rooted on the medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA were the most favorable in green house culture, and the kinds and concentrations of auxin in vitro did not have any influence on variation of plane cultured in greenhouse.