• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of pulmonary function and heart rate recovery of smoker and nonsmoker in males aged 20s after graded maximal exercise. Method : The subjects were composed of smoker group (n=12) and nonsmoker group (n=12) in males aged 20s. Each groups completed an graded maximal exercise with Bruce protocol and were assessed on the pulmonary function(forced vital capacity : FVC, forced expiratory volume-one second : FEV1, FEV1/FVC) and heart rate. Result : The results were as follows: First, heart rate in the measurement point was a statistically significant difference for smoker and non-smoker group after maximal exercise, but FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC was no difference. Second, FEV1/FVC between smoker and nonsmoker group was a statistically significant difference after maximal exercise, but FVC, FEV1, heart rate was no difference. Conclusion : The results of this study is that smoking is negative effects on FEV1/FVC of pulmonary function in males aged 20s after maximal exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.379-386
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• 2000

This study is aimed to determine the cardiovascular function response to maximal exercise of chronic low back pain patients(N=13) and normal group(N=13). by using BRUCE PROTOCOL, subjects underwent tredmill exercise test. Their cardiovascular function responses during rest and after maximal exercise were compared The responses were analyzed using t-test for SPSS 7.0 program. The Cardiovascular function variables employed at rest time(Vo2, HR. Vo2/kg, VE, Vco2.) and all out time(Vo2peak. HRpeak, Vo2peak/kg, VEpeak. Vco2peak). Result show that : 1 There was no significant difference in Vo2 between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Volpeak was observed after maximal exercise( p<.05). 2. There was no significant difference in HR between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. No significant difference in HRpeak likewise observed. 3. There was no significant difference in Vo2/kg between chronic low back pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in Vo2peak/kg was observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05). 4. There was no significance in VE between chronic low bark pain patients and normal group at rest time. However significant difference in VEpeak observed after maximal exercise load(p<.05).

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2008

The purpose of this investigation is comparing two groups one applied with taping therapy the other with controlled causes variation in pain substances of blood ${\beta}$-endorphin, serotonin with taping therapy. 12 male students of S college divided into two groups each 6 experimental and controlled with no history of flexion and extention of lower extremity focused on knee joint. Experimental group applied with elastic taping before experiment at quadriceps, calf muscles, hamstrings and tibialis anterior, controlled group didn't applied any taping therapy. Bruce protocol of maximal progressive loading exercise implemented 5 minutes after blood samples were extracted. And 5 minutes after the exercise blood samples also were taken and made investigation. Data before and after investigation were operated on SPSS Ver. 12.0 for Window(Kor.). P value 0.05. The affirmative effects of this investigation was proved with increased ${\beta}$-endorphin and decreased serotonin that cause reducing pain.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this current study is to compare the effectiveness of respiratory circulation function and tidal volume according to two different types of practice methods, in terms of breathing training program and abdominis muscle strengthening using a swiss ball. Methods: The subjects were consist 18 college students, were randomly and evenly assigned to either breathing training program group (BTG) or swiss-ball exercise group (SEG). Exercise program was applied for 60 minutes, 3 times a week, for 6 weeks. Before, after 3 weeks and after 6 weeks of exercises, the subjects were tested using the bruce protocol. The significance of differences between the BTG and the SEG was evaluated by analysis of two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was an increase in respiratory circulation function after both of exercise. Especially, there was significant difference between the before and after 6 weeks in the BTG. Also, change of respiratory circulation function in BTG was significantly greater than SEG. Tidal volume was no significant differences between the before and after 6 weeks in both groups. In addition, there was significant difference between BTG and SEG. Conclusion: These results suggest that direct breathing training program were more useful to improve of respiratory circulation function.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2018

The rate pressure product (RPP) is expressed as a product of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure as an index indirectly measuring the myocardial oxygen consumption, and it indicates the burden on the myocardium. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal level of RPP for preventing metabolic syndrome in a treadmill exercise test in Korean adults. Metabolic syndrome was the diagnosis of the third executive summary report on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. According to the criteria, the metabolic syndrome diagnosis group (MetS, N=25), pre-metabolic syndrome group (Pre-MetS, N=106), and non-risk factor group (Non-MetS, N=65) were classified. The exercise stress test was performed based on the Bruce protocol. The RPP was calculated as (heart rate${\times}$systolic blood pressure)${\div}1,000$. The results showed that the maximum systolic blood pressure was high despite the low daily dose reached in the diagnostic group of metabolic syndrome. The optimal threshold of the RPP at the time of the exercise treadmill test for a metabolic syndrome prediction was $12.56mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$ in the first stage of the exercise stress test. The second stage of the exercise test was $16.94mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$, and at the third stage of the exercise test was $21.11mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.371-380
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop the equation of $\dot{V}O_{2max}$ by $sub_{max}imal$ PACER method for obese middle school boys. For this, $_{max}$imal test using Bruce protocol in lab was performed and then PACER $_{max}imal$ test with portable $\dot{V}O_{2max}$ equipment. To decide the level of submaximal test, during PACER with portable equipment, we found the section in which target hreat rate(over 75%$HR_{max}$) and then per section(75%,80%,85%,90%,95%) metabolic responses were recorded, with which we analyzed multiple regression by stepwise method. Model 1(at 90%$HR_{max}$): $\dot{V}O_{2max}$(ml/kg/min) = 142.721-0.275(repetition)-0.48(HR)+0.177(weight)-1.536(age)[%error 3.90ml/kg/min; performance until 2 stage(13 repetition)]. Model 2(at 95%$HR_{max}$): $\dot{V}O_{2max}$(ml/kg/min) = 182.851-0.103(repetition)-0.744(HR)+0.186(weight)-0.324(age)[%error 4.51ml/kg/min; performance until 3 stage(25 repetitions)]. estimated $\dot{V}O_{2max}$ from Model 1 was different about $3.25{\pm}6.32ml/kg/min$(%error=6.84%), otherwise model 2 was $3.16{\pm}4.54ml/kg/min$(%error=5.75%). considering %HRmax, as the submaximal test model 1 might be fit more than model 2 for obese middle school boys.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.242-246
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• 2013

Purpose: The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is an important clinical tool for evaluating exercise capacity and is frequently used to evaluate chronic conditions including congenital heart disease. However, data on the normal CPET values for Korean children and adolescents are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide reference data for CPET variables in children and adolescents. Methods: From August 2006 to April 2009, 76 healthy children and adolescents underwent the CPET performed using the modified Bruce protocol. Here, we performed a medical record review to obtain data regarding patient' demographics, medical history, and clinical status. Results: The peak oxygen uptake ($VO_{2Peak}$) and metabolic equivalent ($MET_{Max}$) were higher in boys than girls. The respiratory minute volume $(V_E)/CO_2$ production ($VCO_2$) slope did not significantly differ between boys and girls. The cardiopulmonary exercise test data did not significantly differ between the boys and girls in younger age group (age, 10 to 14 years). However, in older age group (age, 15 to 19 years), the boys had higher $VO_{2Peak}$ and $MET_{Max}$ values and lower $V_E/VCO_2$ values than the girls. Conclusion: This study provides reference data for CPET variables in case of children and adolescents and will make it easier to use the CPET for clinical decision-making.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 1988

To evaluate training effect, aerobic dance was performed by eight female collegestudents for 8 weeks. Body composition, cardiopulmonary function at rest and during maximal exercise, blood cholesterol concentration at rest were determined before and after 8weeks of aerobic dance training. Maximal exercise was performed on the treadmill according of Bruce protocol. Pre to post training differences were evaluated. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After the training, skinfold thickness and total body fat decreased significantly(p＜0.1) while lean body mass increased with significance (p＜0.1). 2. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure at rest decreased without sinificance after the training. 3. As a result of training, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume for a second increased significantly (p＜0.01, p＜0.1). 4. After the training period, heart rate at 3, 6, and 9 min. during treadmill exercise was significantly lower than those of pretraining (p＜0.05). 5. After the training, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 6 and 9 min during the exercise was significantly lower than those of pretraining (p＜0.025, p＜0.1). 6. After the training, oxygen uptake at 3 and 6 min during the exercise was significantly greater than those of pretraining (p＜0.05). 7. As a result of training, the maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly during the exercise (p＜0.1). 8. After the training, expired air volume for a minute at 3 and 6 min during the exercise was signigicantly grerter than those of pretraining (p＜0.1). 9. After the training, repiratory quotient during the exercise was lower than pretaining without significance. 10. After the training, blood HDL -cholesterol concentration incereased with significance, (p＜0.1) blood total cholesterol and triglycerids concentration decreasedsignificantly (p＜0.1). From these results, it may be concluded that 8 week aerobic dance training reduces skinfold thickness and body fat contents, improves the cardiopulmonary function and tissue oxygen utilization, reduces blood cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and brings about the increase of blood HDL-cholesterol concentriation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on aerobic physical fitness among physical education major male university students participating in regular exercise. Methods: A group of 42 healthy male students majoring physical education were divided into two groups: non-smokers (n=$26, 20.61{\pm}2.78 $yrs) and smokers (n=16, $21.25{\pm}2.29 $ yrs). Graded exercise testing for maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_2max$) was measured by Bruce protocol. Results: $VO_2max$ was not different between non-smokers and smokers, however, exercise duration time in non-smokers was more longer than smokers'. In non-smokers, ventilatory threshold (VT) time was delayed longer than smokers (p<0.01). %VT/VEmax was significantly different between non-smokers and smokers (p<0.01). Resting heart rate (p<0.01) and recovery heart rate at 80 seconds (p<0.01) in non-smokers were significantly lower than those of smokers. The decrease in heart rate recovery in non smokers was greater than in smokers at 40(p<0.05), 60(p<0.05) and 80(p<0.01) seconds. Conclusions: These results suggest that smoking has negative effects on aerobic fitness of male university students in physical education major.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.383-384
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• 2013

본 연구는 스포츠용 탄력 압박 스타킹(Essential compression calf sleeve, SKINS, Australia)을 착용하고 최대 운동을 하였을 때, 하지 부종에 어떠한 효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 실험 대상자는 젊은 성인 남녀 30명으로(남자 15명, 여자15명) 근 골격계 및 심혈관계에 특이 병력이나 사고에 의한 외상 등이 없었으며, 규칙적으로 운동을 하는 자는 제외하였다. 대상자들의 신체적 특성을 파악하기 위해서 자동 신장계(BSM330, Biospace, Korea)를 사용하였다. 부종정도를 알기위해서 줄자로 운동 전후의 장딴지 근(종아리)의 둘레와 체성분 분석기(InBody 720, Biospace, Korea)를 사용하여 하지의 부종 수치를 측정하였다. 최대의 운동은 호흡가스 분석기와 연결된 트레이드밀(CPEX-1, IRS, Japan)을 사용하여 변형된 BRUCE Protocol TR-3에 따라 호흡 교환율(R) 값이 1.15이상 되거나 all-out 될 때까지 하였다. 실험 대상자들은 동일 집단으로 전이효과를 방지하기 위하여 일주일의 간격을 두고 스포츠 탄력 압박 스타킹 착용 유무에 따른 동일한 실험을 두 번 하였다. 측정은 최대 운동 전후의 장딴지 근(종아리)의 둘레와 부종 수치를 하였다. 스포츠용 탄력 압박 스타킹 착용 유무와 운동 전후를 비교하기 위하여 MANOVA(다변량 분산분석)를 사용하였고 유의수준은 .05로 설정하였다. 탄력 압박 스타킹을 착용한 상태에서 최대 운동 전후의 부종 정도를 측정한 결과 스타킹을 착용하지 않았을 때 운동 전후의 둘레가 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.05), 스타킹을 착용 하였을 때 운동 전후의 둘레가 유의하게 증가하지 않았다(p>0.05). 부종 수치(세포외액/전체체액)는 탄력 압박 스타킹을 착용하였을 때 오른쪽 다리는 유의하지 않게 감소하였고(p>0.05), 왼쪽 다리는 유의하게 감소하였다(p>0.05). 탄력 압박 스타킹을 착용하고 운동할 경우 하지의 부종 경감에 어느 정도 효과가 있다고 사료된다.