• 보존과학연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.5-22
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• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권31호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2010

This study shows the comparison of chemical compositions of main component with other bronze bells after the research on the component analysis by non-destructive XRF analysis. There are shrinkage cavities caused by the shrinkage defect and pores with pollutants on Bronze Bell of Heungguksa Temple with gamma radiation images and 77.3% of copper, 8.4% of tin and 10.9% of lead were determined as the main components of it with XRF analysis The tin content of Brozen Bell of Heungguksa Temple is less than those (11~18%) of other bronze bells but the lead content of that is higher. The lead content of it shows 10.91% which is quite high while generally the lead contents of other bells were controlled lower than 2.1%. Buddhist bells have the different lead content according to the period. The lead content was low until Silla Dynasty and Unified Silla period but it has been getting higher since some point of Koryo Dynasty. It is assumed that expensive copper and tin were replaced with lead.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제10권
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

국립부여박물관 소장 고려시대 범종은 일부가 결실된 상태이며, 표면은 부식물과 매장당시 고착된 흙, 먼지 등으로 곳곳이 오염된 상태이다. 동종의 분석 결과, 주요 성분으로 Cu 74.18%, Sn 9.58%, Pb 15.77%가 검출되었고 기타 미량성분으로 As, Fe, Sb, Bi, Ag가 확인되었다. 동종의 미세조직은 α상 기지에 부분적으로 흰색(α+δ)공석상이 관찰되고 곳곳에서 회색 개재물(S)과 검은색 개재물(Pb 편석)이 분포하였다. 동종의 안정적 보존을 위하여 보존처리를 실시하였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권26호
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• pp.27-40
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• 2005

This study is to be investigated through component analysis and metallurgical texture in order to save an information of the manufacturing technique for the bronze bell in Naksan-sa. The bronze bell was analyzed with nine samples not stirred by the fire and except the contents of tin is the maximum and minimum the average of Cu is 81.8wt%, Sn is15.8wt% and indicates that some impurities are in it. With the result of an analysis of component and microtexture for impurities material which exists in it with using the SEM-EDS, the material was revealed the sulfur. As the result of these factors, the bronze bell of Naksan-sa is used from ore which mainly consist of the Chalcopyrite($CuFeS_2$) or Bornite($Cu_5FeS_4$) containing much sulfur.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2006년도 제23회 학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.95-98
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• 2006

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제2권
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• pp.57-68
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• 2000

청주 사뇌사지에서 출토된 청동기 12점에 대한 과학 분석을 실시하였다. 이들 각 시료의 금속조직에 나타난 결정 입자의 형태, 크기, 분포와 관련하여 검토한 결과 식기류, 제기류, 타명기류로 나타났는데 성분조성에 따른 분류 결과와도 일치하였다. 식기류는 주로 단조품으로서 성분조성비는 Cu:Sn:Pb≃8:2:0, 제기류는 주조품으로서 Cu:Sn:Pb≃7:1:2, 타명기류는 Cu:Sn:Pb≃85:10:5/9:1:0이었다. 즉, 원료의 배합비는 제품의 용도 및 제작방볍과 밀접한 관계가 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Cu와 상관계수가 높은 원소는 Co, Fe, As이었는데 이는 Cu 광물에 불순물로 함께 분포한다는 것을 의미하며 As 함량은 식기류, 제기류, 타명기류 순으로 증가한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 납 함유량이 높은 청동기 3점의 납동위원소비를 분석하고 원료의 산지를 추정한 결과 일본·중국산 납을 사용한 것으로 나타났다. 땜납의 성분조성은 Cu:Sn:Pb≃83:12:5이었으며 Pb의 결정이 작고 고르게 분포하고 있었다.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2007년도 제25회 학술대회발표 논문집
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• pp.92-93
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• 2007

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2006년도 제23회 학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.176-178
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• 2006

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국문화재보존과학회 2006년도 제23회 학술대회 발표 논문집
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• pp.179-182
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• 2006

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제4권
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

경기도 양평에 위치한 수종사의 부도에서 고려시대 청자유개호와 금동제구층탑, 은제도금육각감 등이 발견되었다. 이들 중 금동제구층탑은 표면의 많은 부분이 구리 빛을 띄고 있고 기단부에 국부적으로 청동부식물이 관찰되므로 금동제로 알려져 있으며 문화재청에 등록된 공식 명칭 역시 '금동제'로 되어 있다. 그러나 표면 빛깔, 표면 상태, 청동부식물의 발생 정도 및 풍탁을 연결한 금속사 등 여러 측면에서 금제로 판단되어 과학적인 조사를 통하여 재질은 밝혀낼 필요성이 제시되었다. 이에 비파괴적인 방법으로 조사하였으며 그 결과 표면의 여러부분에서 가공 흔적이 관찰되고 도금의 흔적은 찾아볼 수 없었다. 또한 XRF 분석 결과 금과 은(16%)이 주성분을 이루고 불순물로 구리, 철 등이 포함되어 있어 금제로 판단되었다.