• 분석과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2000

GC/MSD를 이용하여 우리나라의 대표적인 정수장, 즉 서울 시내의 4개의 정수장과 인천, 대전, 광주, 대구 및 부산의 정수장에서 염소처리하여 각 가정으로 보급되는 수도수를 대상으로 1997년 6월부터 9월까지 가정수에 함유되어 있는 총트리할로메탄(trihalomethanes, THMs)을 US EPA Method 524.2(Purge & Trap/GC/MSD)법을 응용하여 검출 분석하였다. 그 결과 6대 도시에서, chloroform이 THMs의 대부분을 차지하였으며(47.43%~93.11%), bromodichloromethane > chlorodibromomethane > bromoform의 순으로나타났다. 인천, 대전, 광주, 대구 및 부산은 chloroform을 제외한 나머지 물질 즉, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane 및 bromoform의 함유량이 서울보다 높게 나타났다. 그러나 6월과 9월 모두 전 지역에서 THMs의 농도는 우리 나라의 먹는 물 수질기준 $100{\mu}g/L$을 초과하는 곳은 한곳도 없었다. 또한 각 물질에 대하여 산출한 인체 노출량은 chloroform $6.14{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromodichloromethane $1.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, chlorodibromomethane $0.29{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, bromoform $0.01{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$, THMs $7.98{\times}10^{-4}mg/kg/day$이었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

Objectives: In an effort to examine the distribution of THMs (Trihalomethane) generated from chlorine disinfection by the drinking water treatment plants located on the east coast region of Gangwon-do, this study surveyed the distribution and concentrations of each component of THMs twice per month for 5 years from 2008 to 2012. Fluctuation pattern in the seasonal generation amount was identified. In addition, the correlation between the concentration of organic substances in water and THMs was assessed, along with stability of purified water quality supplied by the water treatment plants on the east coast by analyzing the composition ratio of each component that constitutes THMs and the detection frequency. Method: The research was done on purified water supplied by 29 water treatment plants in 7 cities and counties (Goseong-gun, Sokcho-si, Yangyang-gun, Gangneung-si, Donghae-si, Samcheok-si, Taebaek-si) located in Gangwon-do on the east coast. Water samples were collected twice a month from 2008 to 2012 and were investigate for chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform, based on analysis through Purge-Trap (Tekmar 3000) devices using FID-attached GC (HP 6890, Hewlett Packard). Result: THMs concentration detected at Gangneung-si was 0.0086mg/L, Goseong-gun 0.0019mg/L, Donghae-si 0.0099 mg/L, Samcheok-si 0.0016 mg/L, Sokcho-si 0.0057 mg/L, Yangyang-gun 0.0027 mg/L and Taebaek-si 0.0038 mg/L. As the THMs composition rate, chloroform constitutes 51.4% followed bybromodichloromethane 22.3%, bromoform 15.2% and dibromochloromethane 11.1% respectively. Conclusion: Throughout the entire THMs survey areas and period, the maximum concentration was 0.072mg/L, which did not exceed the water quality standards (0.1 mg/L), and the overall average concentration was very low at 0.0044 mg/L.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.505-510
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• 2015

본 연구는 경북 소재 A정수장의 원수를 대상으로 pH, 수온, 염소주입량에 대한 소독부산물(trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, chloral hydrate 등 16종) 생성능을 조사하고 여과수의 소독부산물 생성능과 비교하였다. 조사한 소독부산물의 생성능은 대부분 중성 pH에서 높았다. 다만, dichloroacetic acid, chloroform, bromodichloromethane의 생성능은 염기성 pH에서 증가하였다. Chloral hydrate, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles의 생성능은 수온의 증가와 함께 직선형으로 증가하였고, trihalomethanes의 생성능은 지수함수의 증가추세를 보였다. Chloral hydrate, trihalomethanes, trihaloacetonitriles의 생성능은 염소주입농도 2.0 mg/L $Cl_2$까지 급격하게 상승하였고, 2.0~5.6 mg/L $Cl_2$에서는 완만하게 증가하였다. 여과수의 소독부산물 생성능은 원수에 비해 대부분의 물질에서 낮게 나타났다. 다만, trihalomethanes은 여과수가 원수보다 약 1.4배 높은 생성률을 나타냈다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 2012

활성탄소섬유를 사용하여 염소소독 후 수돗물 내에 부산물로 존재하는 4종 트리할로메탄을 제거하였다. THMs의 종류별 농도 및 용액의 온도를 달리하면서 흡착실험을 수행하고 활성탄소섬유의 표면특성에 따른 흡착능력과 흡착메카니즘을 살펴본 결과, 4종의 THMs은 모두 Langmuir 타입의 흡착등온곡선을 보이면서 매우 신속하게 활성탄소섬유에 흡착되었다. THMs의 흡착은 활성탄소섬유의 표면에 균일하게 발달된 미세공의 입구에 물리적 및 화학적 수소결합으로 이루어졌다고 판단된다. Langmuir 타입은 특히 저농도 오염원 일때 제거효율이 높기 때문에 수돗물 내에 약 $30{\mu}g/L$ 수준으로 존재하는 THMs의 제거에는 활성탄소섬유가 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있다. 4종 THMs 종류별 흡착량은 큰 차이는 없으나 chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, 및 bromoform 의 순서로 증가하였다. 이는 brom 원자수의 증가와 일치하며 극성의 감소로 용해도가 낮아짐에 따라 흡착량이 증가한 것이다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2002

Volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) contained in chlorinated tap water are released into household air during indoor activities (showering, cooking, dish -washing, etc.) associated with tap water uses and may cause adverse health effects on humans. Twenty seven subjects were recruited and their homes were visited during the winter of 2002. Tap water, household air, and exhaled breath samples were collected and analyzed for five volatile DBPs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1 -dichloropropanone and 1,1,1 trichloropropanone). Chloroform was a major DBP found in most samples. Tap water chloroform concentrations were not statistically correlated with its household air concentrations, probably due to individual variability in indoor activities such as showering, cooking, and dish - washing as well as household ventilation. Correlation of breath chloroform concentration with household air chloroform concentration showed its possible use as a biomarker of exposure to household air chloroform. Exposure estimates suggested that inhalation during household stay be a major route of exposure to volatile DBPs and that ingestion of tap water be a trivial contributor to the total exposure in Koreans.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2015

본 연구는 경상북도 지역에서 호소수를 원수로 사용하는 한 정수장의 원수 및 공정별 처리수의 자연유기물질(NOM) 및 소독부산물(DBPs) 생성특성을 조사하고 정수공정내 DBPs 제어방안을 제시하였다. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FEEM) 분석결과 원수의 NOM은 토양과 미생물의 복합기원에 의한 것으로 밝혀졌다. NOM의 분자량크기 및 분획제거 특성은 liquid chromatography-organic carbon detector (LC-OCD)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 대체로 휴믹물질과 저분자량 유기물질 분획이 많았고, 고분자량물질은 저분자량물질보다 응집 침전공정에서 제거가 용이한 것으로 나타났다. 전염소주입 후 정수공정별로 진행될수록 반응시간이 길어져 DBPs 농도가 증가하였으며 생성된 DBPs는 일반적인 정수처리로 제거되지 않았다. THMs은 chloroform이 74%로 주종을 이루었으며 bromodichloromethane (22%)와 dibromochloromethane (4%)도 발생했다. HAAs는 dichloroacetic acid (50%)와 trichloroacetic acid (48%)가 주종을 이루었고 dibromoacetic acid (2%) 등 브롬계열은 농도가 낮거나 발생되지 않았다. HANs은 dichloroacetonitrile (60%), bromochloroacetonitrile (30%), dibromoacetonitrile (10%)이 발생되었다. 실험기간 동안 해당 정수장에서 DBPs 발생은 용존유기물농도와 수온보다 전염소주입농도에 큰 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났고, 염소주입농도의 조절로 DBPs 생성농도를 이전에 비해 16~44% 감소시킬 수 있었다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2000

The chlorination of municipal drinking water supplies leads to the formation of so-called disinfection by-products(DBPs), many of which have been reported to cause harmful health effects based on animal studies. This study was conducted: 1) to observe seasonal changes in the major DBPs at four sampling sites on a drinking water distribution system located in Chunchon, Kangwon Do; and 2) to examine the effects of major water quality parameters on the formation of DBPs. During the field sampling, the water temperature, pH, and total and free chlorine residuals were all measured. The water samples were then analyzed for total organic carbon(TOC) and eight disinfection by-products in the laboratory. Chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were the major constituents of the measured DBPs. The concentrations of the total DBPs were highest in fall, particularly in October, and lowest in summer. The concentrations of the total DBPs increased with increasing TOC concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and chloral hydrate were linearly correlated with the pH. Other water parameters were not included in the regression equations. Accordingly, these results suggest that TOC and pH are both important factors in the formation of DBPs.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the byproducts formation characteristics at the water treatment plants which applying electrolysis as a disinfection process in Gangwondo, Korea. Total of forty plants located in Gangwon Province, Korea were selected for the study. Correlation between dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and $SUVA_{254}$ was not clear. Among the species of the disinfection byproducts(DBPs), chlorate and trihalomethanes(THMs) accounted for 76% and 14% of DBPs, respectively. The effect of DOC or $SUVA_{254}$ on DBPs formation was not clearly demonstrated. The increased amount of THMs due to the raw water bromide content was found primarily in the form of chloroform, and the percent fraction of BDCM(bromodichloromethane) and DBCM(Dibromochloromethnae) was relatively insignificant. When the value of $SUVA_{254}$ was greater than $2L/mg{\cdot}m$, the percent fraction of BDCM and DBCM decreased while percent fraction of CF(chloroform) increased.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.83-90
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of trihalomethane (THM) formation from chlorination of groundwater in the northeastern area of Cheju Island. Effects of total organic carbon (TOC) and bromide in groundwater on the THM formation were studied. Samples were taken from two regions withe altitude. The concentrations of TOC and bromide in groundwater were higher at the regions of lower altitude, especially at the altitude below 50m. Generally the THM formation in GA region containing a high TOC was higher than that in GB region containing a relatively high bromide. At the altitude below 100m, the formation of total and brominated THM was highest at GB region. The most part of THM formation was brominated THM at GB region. The formation ratio of chloroform and brominated THM was similar to the others. Among the brominated THM, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in GB region were containing high bromide. Bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane in GA region were containing low bromide. At the altitude above 200m, chloroform was formed mainly. Comparing the ratio of brominated THM of total THM in Cheju Island with that in other areas, Seoul and Pusan, it can be konwn that the former showing 51.3% was much higher than the latter showing 6.7% and 28.8%, respectively.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.406-412
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• 2010

Concentrations and speciations of Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acids ($HAA_5$) that can be formed during chlorine disinfection by-product (DBPs) in full-scale drinking water treatment plants were investigated. Jeon-ju D water treatment plant that adopted conventional water treatment processes was chosen for investigation. SUVA values according to water treatment process changes were observed from 1.3 to 2.1. The process average concentrations of THMs was 7.4 ppb, 9.0 ppb and 14.7 ppb respectively, while the average concentrations of $HAA_5$ by each process which are precipitation water, filterater water, treated water, were 15.5 ppb, 14.9 ppb and 25.8 ppb respectively. DBPs concentrations was lower in the winter than summer. The major species of THMs was chloroform and the second highest was bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and the third highest was dibromochloromethane (DBCM). In case of $HAA_5$, the rate of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was detected. The species disribution of THMs is related to the change of SUVA and species disribution of $HAA_5$ is related to the concentrations of bromine and injection position of chlorine and injection quantity.