• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2014

본 연구는 대추씨 분말의 급여가 육계의 생산성, 소장, 맹장의 길이, 근위의 무게 및 배설물 중 악취 발생량에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사하였다. 1일령의 육계 Ross 무감별추 180수를 4개 처리구에 3반복으로 공시하였다. 시험구는 대조구 사료에 대추씨 분말 0.3%(T1), 0.6%(T2) 및 0.9%(T3)를 첨가한 4처리 배치하였다. 시험 전기(3주령)에서는 증체중과 사료 효율 모두 대추씨 분말 0.6% 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 전 시험 기간 동안, 시험 기간 동안 통계적인 차이는 없었지만, 대추씨 분말 첨가구 모두에서 증체량이 대조구보다 개선되는 경향이 인정되었다. 사료 효율(feed/gain)도 증체량과 같은 경향으로 증가하였다. 세 개의 대추씨 분말 급여구 모두는 근위의 무게를 대조구보다 유의하게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 그러나 첨가량의 다소에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 소장 및 맹장의 길이는 대추씨 분말 첨가의 유무 및 다소에 따른 영향은 인정되지 않았다. 배설물 중 $NH_3$의 발생량은 배설 직후, 배설 후 5일 및 10일 모두에서 대추씨 분말 급여에 의해서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 본 시험의 결과, 육계 사료에 0.3~0.6 %의 대추씨 분말의 첨가는 근위 등의 위장관 발달 촉진으로 인한 사료 중 소화율을 개선 및 배설물 중 $NH_3$ 발생량의 감소에 기인한 육계의 증체량 개선 효과가 있을 가능성이 생각되어진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2010

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal ecology and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A mixed liquid culture, containing approximately 5 log cfu/ml Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Bacillus subtilis was prepared in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. A basal substrate (BS) containing 75% rapeseed, 24% wheat bran and 1% brown sugar was mixed with the liquid culture in a ratio of 10:3. Over the 30-day fermentation, isothiocyanates were reduced from 119.6 to 14.7 mmol/kg. A total of 168, day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were assigned to one of three dietary treatments including a corn-soybean meal based control diet as well as two experimental diets in which the control diet was supplemented with 10% of the BS containing unfermented rapeseed meal or 10% of the BS containing rapeseed meal subjected to solid state fermentation. There were 8 pens per treatment and 7 birds per pen. From days 19-21 and days 40-42, uncontaminated excreta were collected from each pen for digestibility determinations. In addition, digesta from the colon and ceca were collected to determine the number of lactobacilli, enterobacteria and total aerobes. The middle sections of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected for intestinal morphology. Over the entire experimental period (d 1-42), the weight gain and feed conversion of birds fed fermented rapeseed meal were superior (p<0.05) to that of birds fed nonfermented rapeseed meal and did not differ from the soybean control. On day 42, birds fed fermented rapeseed meal had higher (p<0.05) total tract apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, and calcium than birds fed non-fermented rapeseed meal. Colon and ceca digesta from broilers fed the fermented feed had higher (p<0.05) lactobacilli counts than birds fed the control and non-fermented rapeseed meal diets on day 21 and 42. Fermentation also improved (p<0.05) villus height and the villus height:crypt depth ratio in the ileum and jejunum on day 21 and 42. The results indicate that solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal enhanced performance and improved the intestinal morphology of broilers and may allow greater quantities of rapeseed meal to be fed to broilers potentially reducing the cost of broiler production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.759-766
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• 2003

본 연구는 탈지미강의 부존사료원료로써의 영양적 가치 평가와 사료 내에 첨가수준을 달리했을 때 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 실험Ⅰ에서는 절식구 8수, 탈지미강 급여구 8수, 총 16수의 종계 수탉을 공시하여 강제급여에 의해 탈지미강의 TME, TMEn 및 TAAA를 평가하였다. 탈지미강의 TME와 TMEn은 건물 기준으로 각각 2.19 kcal/g, 2.05 kcal/g이었으며, 15개 아미노산의 평균 생체이용률은 77.29%로 나타났다. 실험Ⅱ에서는 옥수수와 대두박 위주의 대조구 사료와 탈지미강을 5%, 10% 및 15% 수준으로 첨가한 실험사료를 총 72수의 육계 (4처리, 3반복, 반복당 6수)에 3주간 급여하였다. 사료섭취량은 탈지미강 15% 첨가구에서 가장 높았지만 처리간에 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 주당 증체량은 탈지미강을 여러 수준으로 첨가한 처리구에 비해 대조구에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 탈지미강 10% 및 15% 첨가구에서는 대조구에 비해 약간 높아졌으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 탈지미강 5% 첨가구에서 통계적인 유의차는 나타나지 않았지만 사료요구율이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험에서는 사료 원료의 정확한 품질 평가 및 생체이용률을 근거로 사료를 배합했을 때 항영양인자가 함유되어 있지 않는 한 사료의 품질저하를 막을 수 있었고, 탈지미강 역시 가금 사료 내에 다양한 수준으로 첨가하여 부존사료원료로써 이용할 수 있다는 결과가 시사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

본 연구는 황토의 첨가 급여가 육계의 생산성과 육질 및 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험설계는 황토의 첨가수준을 0, 1.5, 3.0및 $5.0\%$로 4개의 처리구로 6주간 실시하였다. 증체량과 사료 요구율은 모든 황토 첨가구 보다 대조구에서 높았으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 계육의 수분 함량은 모든 황토 첨가구에서 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 높았고, 조지방 함량은 대조구에 비해 모든 황토 첨가구에서 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 낮았으나, 조단백질 함량과 조회분 함량은 처리구간의 차이가 없었다. 근육내 pH는 모든 처리구간에 차이가 없었으나, 보수력은 대조구에 비해 모든 황토 첨가구에서 높았다. 계육의 육색 중에서 명도는 모든 황토 첨가구에서 증가한 반면, 적색도와 황색도는 차이가 없었다. 불포화지방산 함량은 대조구에 비해 황토-$3\%$와 황토-$5\%$ 첨가구에서 높았다. 혈액성분 중에서 HDL-cholesterol 과 중성지방 함량은 대조구에 비해 모든 황토 첨가구에서 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 낮았다. 계분의 수분 함량은 대조구에 비해 모든 황토 첨가구에서 유의적으로 (P<0.05)낮았다. 위의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 육계사료에 황토를 첨가하였을 때 생산성에는 큰 차이가 없었으나 육질개선에는 효과가 있다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2019

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird's performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using $3{\times}2$ factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a lipase-based enzyme preparation would increase the AME content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) by increasing fat digestibility when fed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 used FFRB from Australia and lasted for 35 days, while Experiment 2 used FFRB from Thailand and lasted for 14 days. Rice bran was substituted in a maize-soybean diet at levels of 90 g/kg (Experiment 1) and at 90 and 180 g/kg in Experiment 2. Total collections of excreta were used for determination of AME content and fat digestibility. In Experiment 1, the enzyme increased the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7, 18-21 and 32-35 by 6.1-16.1% (p>0.05), however this was not associated with improved fat digestibility. In Experiment 2, the enzyme enhanced the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7 (10.42 vs. 9.06, p=0.107) and 11-14 (11.94 vs. 9.93, p=0.041), but again, this was not caused by increased fat digestibility. Inclusion of 180 g/kg depressed the AME content of FFRB by 7.4-11.5% (p>0.10) in conjunction with decreased (p<0.05) fat digestibility between 0-14 days of age. Improvements in bird growth with the enzyme were seen in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Increases in AME content of FFRB per se were not caused by enhanced fat digestibility, suggesting that the side activities associated with the preparation must have acted singularly or in combination to improve AME content and bird performance. These data show that the response of FFRB to the lipase-based enzyme preparation was dependent upon the geographical origin of the rice bran and the level of FFRB substituted in the basal diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2014

The use of a suitable methodology to quantify the phytate phosphorus ($P_{phy}$) content in both the feed and the excreta from broilers is required to enable accurate calculation of the catalytic efficiency of the phytase supplemented in the feed. This study was conducted to compare 2 analytical methodologies (colorimetry and also high-performance liquid chromatography with a refractive index detector) in order to calculate the phytase efficiency by utilizing the results from the methodology that was shown to be the most appropriate. One hundred and twenty broilers were distributed in a $(4+1){\times}2$ factorial arrangement, corresponding to 4 diets that were equally deficient in P supplemented with increasing levels of phytase (0, 750, 1,500, and 2,250 units of phytase activity - FTU - per kg of feed) plus 1 positive control diet without phytase, supplied to male and female birds. The result indicated that the colorimetric methodology with an extraction ratio of 1:20 (mass of sample in g:volume of the solvent extractor in mL) was shown to be the most adequate. There was no interaction between the phytase level and the sex of the broilers (p>0.05). Males consumed 12% more $P_{phy}$ than did females (p<0.01), but the sex of the broilers did not affect (p>0.05) the excretion and retention coefficient of $P_{phy}$. The increase in the phytase level of the diet reduced (linear, p<0.01) the $P_{phy}$ excretion. The greatest $P_{phy}$ retention was estimated at 87.85% when the diet contained 1,950 FTU/kg (p<0.01), indicating that it is possible to reduce the inorganic P in the formulation at an amount equivalent to 87.85% of the $P_{phy}$ content present in the feed, which, in this research, corresponds to a decrease in 2.86 g of P/kg of the feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2011

Three trials were conducted to determine the available energy of different wheat screening varieties collected from different locations of Khorasan in Iran. In experiment 1, chemical composition and the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) were evaluated. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which, each wheat screening sample was tube fed to adult roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48-h. In Exp. 2 and 3, five and two wheat screening verities-based diets with or without xylanase and phytase were fed to 16-day old battery reared chicks respectively, and total feed consumption and excreta were measured during next three days. The variable nature of wheat screening varieties led to significant differences in mean TMEn values (p<0.01). The TMEn values of samples determined with adult roosters varied by ${\pm}5.03%$ of the mean value ($3,097.65{\pm}49.32\;kcal/kg$) and ranged from 2,734.90 to 3,245.12 kcal/kg. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with TMEn, and the greatest correlation coefficient was observed between NDF and TMEn (r = -0.947; p<0.001). The optimal equation in terms of $R^2$ from using a single chemical analysis was obtained with NDF: TMEn = 4,152.09-27.80 NDF ($R^2$ = 0.90, p<0.0001), and the TME prediction equation was improved by the addition of the crude protein (CP) and ASH content to sequential analysis: TMEn = 3,656.97-28.65 NDF+32.54 CP+38.70 ASH ($R^2$ = 0.98, p<0.0001). The average AMEn values of 5 and 2 wheat screening varieties determined with young broiler chickens were $2,968.41{\pm}25.70\;kcal/kg$ and $2,976.38{\pm}8.34\;kcal/kg$ in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, respectively. Addition of xylanase and phytase to wheat screenings resulted in significant (p<0.01) improvement in AMEn by 4.21 and 2.92%, respectively.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2023

본 연구는 육계 초생추의 생산성을 유지하면서 분 내 질소와 인 함량을 감소시키기 위한 사료 내 CP 및 phytase의 수준을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 1일령 수컷 육계(41.9±0.91 g) 648수는 사료 내 조단백질 3수준(22%, 21%, 20%)과 phytase 3수준(1,000, 800, 500 FTU/kg)의 3 × 3 복합요인으로 총 9처리구로 나누어져, 처리당 4반복, 반복당 18수씩 완전임의 배치되어 대사케이지에서 7일 동안 사육되었다. 육계 초생추의 종료 체중 및 증체량은 CP 20% 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 사료요구율은 CP 21% 및 Phytase 800 FTU/kg 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 체중, 증체량 및 사료요구율은 CP와 phytase의 상호작용이 나타났다(P<0.05). 육계 분변 내 질소 및 인 함량은 각각 CP 20%, Phytase 500 FTU/kg 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 사료 내 CP와 phytase의 상호작용이 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 육계의 생산성과 분내 질소 및 인 함량을 고려할 때, 육계 초기 수준을 CP 21%, phytase 800 ppm까지 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.